Mental Disorders and Treatment

Oxytocin (OXT), which is synthesised in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and then released into various brain areas, may play an important role in a variety of behaviours and neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. Clinical studies have suggested that testosterone has the opposite effect on these disorders as oxytocin. We began by looking at the expression of OXT in the PVN of fifteen patients with mood disorders and fifteen matched controls using immunocytochemistry (ICC) and the co-localization of OXT and androgen receptor (AR) using double labelling ICC in the post-mortem hypothalamus of fifteen patients with mood disorders and fifteen matched controls. Following that, the in vitro regulatory effect of AR on OXT gene expression was investigated. Scientist discovered that mood disorder patients had higher levels of PVN OXT expression than control subjects, and we saw a clear co-localization of AR in OXT-expressing neurons, both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Furthermore, after pre-incubating the SK-N-SH cells with testosterone, OXT-mRNA levels were found to be significantly lower. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays and co-transfections in neuroblastoma cells revealed another potential androgen-responsive element in the human OXT gene promotor. Finally, in vitro studies revealed that AR mediated the suppression of OXT gene expression. These findings suggest that the fact that OXT and testosterone appear to have opposing effects in neuropsychiatric disorders may be due to a direct inhibition of AR on OXT transcription, which may provide a novel target for therapeutic strategies in depression.

In 2020, a novel corona virus declared as pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO). The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-Cov-2) is an emerging infection caused by widely spread pandemic corona virus disease 2019 (Covid-19). This severe novel corona virus was first reported in Wuhan city of China. On that time covid-19 pandemic is prompting fear of falling illness, dying, helplessness and stigma. Urgent and timely understand the mental health status is needed to help the community. This review is based on the articles and general population of Kingdome of Saudi Arabia to assess the degree of psychological impact during the pandemic. I have studied several research articles to understand the impact of covid-19 pandemic on Saudi’s people and understand the mental health of Saudi’s people during the Covid-19 pandemic. During the early stage of the outbreak, we collected data about several aspects of participant sociodemographic, knowledge, concerns, psychological impact, and mental health status. We assessed the psychological impact and mental health status using the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). All through the beginning phase of the Coronavirus flare-up in Saudi Arabia, the outcomes showed that almost one-fourth of the tested overall public experienced moderate to extreme mental effect. Following explicit prudent steps seemed to defensively affect the person's psychological well-being. Our discoveries can be utilized to build mental mediations coordinated toward weak populaces and to carry out open emotional wellness methodologies in the beginning phases of the episode.