Journal of Bioanalysis & Biomedicine

Introduction: Helicobacter pylori is a known and important cause of peptic ulcer disease, and can result in many different complications, both gastrointestinal and systemic. The gastric complications include upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The costs associated with testing and treatment of complications of H. pylori infection is also high, both in private and public setting. Studies in Iran showed high prevalence of H. pylori infection, with figures as high as 89.2% in the adult population. In South Africa, patients with bleeding gastric ulcers receive empirical eradication therapy, an expensive practice in a resource limited country like South Africa. It is for this reason that we conducted a case-control study to determine the difference in prevalence of H. pylori infection in bleeding and non-bleeding gastric ulcers.

Aim: To determine the difference in prevalence of H. pylori infection in bleeding and non-bleeding gastric ulcers.

Methods: In this prospective cross-sectional case-control study, a total of 173 patients who underwent upper endoscopy at Steve Biko Academic Hospital were recruited. All patients with gastric ulcer on upper endoscopy had antral mucosal biopsy taken and CLO test done on this specimen, in addition to the CLO test, the 42 with a history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding had additional biopsies send for histology for detection of H. pylori. The CLO tests were evaluated 24 h later and results documented as either positive or negative.

Results: From the 173 patients enrolled, 131 patients were found to have no history of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, while 42 patients were found to be bleeding on upper endoscopy or had a recent history of bleeding. Of the total of 173, 134(77.5%) tested negative for H. pylori infection on CLO test and 39(22.5%) tested positive. Of the bleeding group, 7(16.7%) were CLO test positive and 35(83.3%) were negative. In the non-bleeding group of patients, 99(75.6%) were CLO test negative and 32(24.4%) tested positive. There was a 100% correlation between CLO test and histology. Of the bleeding group 35(83%) tested negative on both CLO test and histology and 7(16.7%) tested positive.

Conclusion: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in this South African population with bleeding gastric ulcer was found to be lower than in patients with gastric ulcers that were not bleeding. This was, however not statistically significant (p value 0.404). To our knowledge there is no South African data for comparison with our study group. The sensitivity of CLO test was as high as histology. This finding suggests that CLO test can be used reliably in bleeding peptic ulcer.

Helicobacter pylori is an important causative factor in gastric carcinogenesis, its role in extra-gastric gastrointestinal malignancies such as oesophageal cancer, is controversial. H. pylori is thought to be associated with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. We conducted a case control study to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus and control group with no cancer.

Method: We collected biopsies from the antrum and corpus of 59 patients with confirmed squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus, two from each area and 215 control groups with no cancer. These were then examined by an experienced histo-pathologist using Giemsa staining for the presence of H. pylori. CLO was added to those with bleeding ulcers.

Results: H. pylori was found in 30 (51%) of the patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus and 46 (21%) of the control group. The prevalence was found to be more than double of the control group in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. A relative risk of 2.4 p<0.001 CI OF 95%.

Conclusion: H. pylori infection is associated with an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus with a relative risk of 2.4. This is in keeping with several studies done previously.