Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research

Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-HIV/AIDS is a moral and medical problem that require a moral and medical solution without compromising the innocent and without sacrificing our civil liberties at the rural communities in Nigeria. Therefore, everybody (traditional rulers, churches, mosques, schools, farmers etc) have some roles to play which must be unyielding in principle and compassionate in practice that can stem down the spread of HIV at the rural communities

Back ground: AGE is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in infants and children in developing countries with near 11,000 deaths per day in the world.

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence of neurological manifestations in acute onset of viral gastrointestinal.

Methods: A cross sectional /descriptive study performed upon 50 children admitted due to acute viral gastrointestinal infections in Department of pediatric Infectious Disease, Rasul Hospital, Tehran, Iran, 2010- 2011. Initially, a questionnaire was completed by an authorized physician for each cases (eg: age, gender, clinical signs, vomiting, diarrhea (type, time of onset, frequency) attending time from onset ,type of neurologic symptoms ,analysis of lab test (stool direct exams, biochemical parameters, stool culture, direct viral test in stool). All cases with bacterial or other known causes (except viral causes) for gastroenteritis, chronic diarrhea excluded from study. The studied cases were evaluated for existence of neurologic signs .Stool samples were searched for viral antigens (Rota & Adeno virus) by Rapid immune chromatographic test. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results: Neurological manifestations observed in 16% of cases included seizure 12% aseptic meningitis 4%, 20% of adenoviral, 13.5% of rota virus and 33.3% of bi-infection had neurologic signs, with no differences (P=0.619). Mean age of cases had not significant difference between cases with and without neurologic manifestation. There was no significant association between neurological symptoms with age (P=0.755), sex, virus type and attending time (P>0.05).

Conclusions: This study indicated that viral agents, especially rota virus can be obtained from near 60% of studied cases. Adenovirus (20%); Human Boca virus (8%) and other (undiagnosed) viral infection were less common causes. Neurological symptoms including seizure or aseptic meningitis might observe in 16% of children especially in cases with co-infection rota and adenoviral infection (33.3%) which is not related to age, sex and attending time. Rotavirus-associated encephalopathy described by some authors. Due to presence a safe and effective rotavirus vaccination, we prefer to routine usage of it as a public health priority in Iran. Further study is required to determine the role of rotavirus and other viral infection in diarrhea associated encephalopathy.

The need for medical students, Primary health care physicians, general practitioners to take an effective sexual history in a decent manner poses a challenge .It is in certain circumstances very difficult to go into details of sexual history while at the same time maintaining an effective doctor patient relationship. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of HIV infections and other diseases associated with this dreadful disease our medical students, doctors should be well prepared for the art of asking questions directed at individuals’ most personal details. By controlling the occurrence of HIV infections, one is not controlling Epidemic of AIDS only but also the associated host of diseases seen arising as a result of AIDS. The cost of treating HIV positive individuals in the society is immense and simple control of this infection relieves the society of the huge economic burden. The role of history taking can never be underestimated

Hundred (37 males and 63 females) sera samples of HIV patients were screened for hepatitis B antigens and antibodies, and 80 (28 males and 52 females) of these samples were also screened for Treponema specific antibodies using ELISA. Seven percent (5% males and 2% females) were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Four percent (3 males and 1 female) of the latter were also positive for the hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg). While 5% (1% male and 4% female) were positive for hepatitis B surface antibody, 7% (1% male and 6% female) were positive for hepatitis B envelope antibody (HBeAb). Twenty three percent (8% males and 15% females) were positive for hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb). Thirty seven percent of the patients have had previous exposure to hepatitis B virus as shown by positive results obtained for HBsAg, HBcAb and HBeAb. The mean CD4+ counts for positive samples were 228 for HBsAg, 3278.5 for HBeAg, 199.5 for HBsAb, 194 for HBeAb and 232.5 HBcAb. Twenty percent (10% males and 10% females) of the patients were positive for the syphilis antibodies. The mean CD4+ counts for the positive samples for syphilis were 290.5. The 7% prevalence of hepatitis B virus observed in this study is within the rates that had been previously reported, but the 20% prevalence of syphilis is high. This calls for a review of screening regimen that would assay for these bloodstream infections alongside HIV, in order to mitigate any influence they may have in the progression of HIV to AIDS.