Clinical and Medical Case Reports

Chronic kidney disease is a progressive disease with no cure and high morbidity and high mortality that occurs commonly in the general population, especially in people with diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects between 8% and 16% of the population worldwide and is often under recognized by patients and clinical specialist. Defined by a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of less than 60 mL/ min/1.73 m², albuminuria of at least 30 mg per day, or markers of kidney damage (eg, hematuria or structural abnormalities such as polycystic or dysplastic kidneys) persisting for more than 3 months, CKD is more prevalent in low- and middle-income than in high-income countries. Globally, CKD is most commonly attributed to diabetes and/or hypertension, but other causes such as glomerulonephritis, infections, and environmental exposures (such as air pollution, herbal remedies, and pesticides) are common in Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and many developing countries. Some glomerular and cystic kidney diseases might benefit from disease-specific therapies. Managing chronic kidney disease-associated cardiovascular risk, minimising the risk of infection, and preventing acute kidney injury are crucial interventions for these patients, given the high burden of complications, associated morbidity and mortality, and the role of non-conventional risk factors in chronic kidney disease.