Journal of Animal Health and Behavioural Science

Pancreatitis, acute or chronic, is a serious disease for dogs, due to its harmful potential and the existence of under diagnosis. The disease is still the target of studies regarding its pathophysiology and therapeutic mechanisms, because the signs presented by the animals are nonspecific, ranging from mild to severe presentations. It can cause morpho functional changes in the pancreas and adjacent organs. The diagnosis can be a very difficult task, either due to the variable symptoms and severity of the disease, or the impasses experienced at the time of the complementary exams. Therapeutic management is defined based on the symptoms presented by the animals, ranging from fluid infusion for volume replacement, analgesics, antiemetics, antibiotics, special food, among others.

Contagious ecthyma or alternatively called contagious pustular dermatitis is a viral disease of sheep and goat caused by contagious ecthyma virus. This disease is most commonly seen in small ruminants though camelids and rarely other ruminants can also be affected. The objective of this review is to give emphasis about pathological features (lesions) and diagnosis techniques of contagious ecthyma in sheep and goat. Contagious ecthyma is an acute, contagious, debilitating and economically important zoonotic viral skin disease that affecting sheep, goat and some other domesticated and wild ruminants. The disease initially presents itself as papules that progress to blisters or pustules before encrusting. They can spread around the outside and inside of the mouth, face, lips, ears, vulva, lets, scrotum, teats, and feet, usually in the interdigital region. Necropsy findings are scattered hemorrhagic papules, vesicles, pustules, and numerous multifocalto-coalescing proliferative and necrotizing scabs affecting haired skin at the mucocutaneous junctions (commissures) of the lips and affecting the oral papillae. A definitive diagnosis is based on viral isolation and an immunologic test. Histopathology is also helpful. Molecular identification and investigation several molecular diagnostic methods including polymerase chain reaction, serological tests such as agar gel precipitation test, agglutination test, complement fixation test. Since it is very economically important disease but it does not have effective diagnosis techniques further research should be conducted to develop its effective treatment.

Excess calves, which comprise predominately of male calves brought into the world on dairy ranches, are an under recognized wellspring of antimicrobial-safe (AMR) microorganisms. Current creation frameworks for excess calves have significant gamble factors for the dispersal of microbes, including the serious level of blending during sale and transportation and once in a while deficient consideration right off the bat throughout everyday life. These conditions add to an expanded gamble of respiratory and other irresistible sicknesses, bringing about higher antimicrobial use (AMU) and the advancement of AMR. Several examinations have shown that overflow calves harbor AMR qualities and microbes that are impervious to basically significant antimicrobials. This is a likely worry as the safe microorganisms and qualities can be divided among creature, human and natural microbiomes. In spite of the fact that information on AMU and AMR has filled considerably in dairy and meat steers frameworks, equivalent examinations in excess calves have been generally disregarded in North America. Accordingly, the general objective of this story audit is to sum up the current writing in regards to AMU and AMR in surplus dairy calf creation, feature the administration works on adding to the expanded AMU and the subsequent AMR, and talk about likely procedures and obstructions for worked on antimicrobial stewardship in surplus calf creation frameworks.