DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.881
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.882
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.883
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.884
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.885
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.890
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.889
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.888
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.886
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.887
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.901
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.902
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.903
Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a sand fly-borne ignored tropical illness brought about by protozoan parasites in the family Leishmania. It is normally known as post-kala-azar dermal leishmainiasis in Hindi and lahori phora or sehrai phora in Urdu. The sickness is normally described with skin injuries or skin disease side effects. Around 1,000,000 instances of cutaneous leishmaniasis happen yearly overall with the areas of interest in Afghanistan, Algeria, Iran, Pakistan, Peru, Brazil, Saudi Arabia, Colombia and Tunisia.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.904
AIDS (AIDS), which is brought about by HIV contamination, is a pestilence sickness that has killed great many individuals over the most recent a very long while. Despite the fact that blend antiretroviral treatment (CART) has empowered enormous advancement in smothering HIV replication, it neglects to kill HIV idly tainted cells and contaminated people remain HIV positive forever. Deep rooted antiretroviral treatment is expected to keep up with control of infection replication, which might bring about critical issues, including long haul harmfulness, significant expense, and shame. In this manner, novel remedial systems are direly expected to dispose of the viral repository in the host for HIV fix. In this survey, we look at a few potential methodologies with respect to HIV fix and spotlight on how we could use fanciful antigen receptor-changed T cells (CAR T) as a treatment to fix HIV contamination.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.905
Globally, sexually transmitted infections trends are on an increase. Sub-Saharan Africa carries a huge burden of sexually transmitted infections with young adults aged between 16 and 24 years being at higher risk than older adults. Sexually transmitted infections are infections that are mainly transmitted from one person to another through penetrative sexual intercourse, and some are preventable and treatable and others are not. Previous studies show that university students in South Africa comprise a sexually active population, and engage in sexual risk behaviour resulting in sexually transmitted infections that are among the main global causes of sicknesses, long-term disability and death, and have serious psychological and medical consequences for many people across the globe. However, there is a dearth of knowledge on sexually transmitted infections. Knowledge on sexually transmitted infections is vital for preventing and reducing the adverse outcomes of students’ reproductive health. Therefore, this study investigated into the knowledge of sexually transmitted infections and their predictors among university students in the KwaZulu-Natal Province.
Methods: The study was guided by a cross-sectional research design and underpinned by quantitative methodology. A structured and pre-tested self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data from 906 students selected using census sampling method. Data was analysed using SPSS version 24, and bivariate and multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine the association of dependent and independent variables.
Results: The study found that 48% of the students had good knowledge of sexually transmitted infections. Seniority in the level of study (AOR; 3.66, 95% CI: 1.70-8.44, P = 0.002), being a male student (AOR; 1.73, 95% CI: 1.13-2.861, P = 0.025), having television and radio as sources of information (AOR; 2.77, 95% CI: 1.79-4.57, 0.013), and having one or no sexual partner (AOR; 1.54, 95% CI: 1.36-3.57, P = 0.005) were predictors of knowledge of sexually transmitted infections.
Conclusion: Students’ level of knowledge on sexually transmitted infections was quite low. There is need to strengthen information, education, and communication on the issue of sexually transmitted infections using factors associated with sexually transmitted infections in this study as entry points to devise strategies to reduce and prevent sexually transmitted infections. Radio and television can be used to reduce and prevent the risk of sexually transmitted infections. Educational curriculum developers should consider developing courses on reproductive health with an emphasis on the understanding, causes, who is affected, symptoms, diagnosis, treatments, and prevention of sexually transmitted infections.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.891
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.893
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.894
The inflammasome pathway is a significant arm of the inborn safe framework that gives antiviral insusceptibility against numerous infections. The primary pathways associated with infection diseases incorporate the NLRP3, IFI16, and AIM2 pathways. Be that as it may, a concise comprehension of its part in HIV isn't yet very much clarified. In this survey, we showed that NLRP3 inflammasome enactment assumes a fundamental part in restraining HIV section into target cells through the purinergic pathway; IFI16 distinguishes intracellular HIV ssDNA, triggers interferon I and III creation, and represses HIV record; and AIM2 ties to HIV dsDNA and triggers intense aggravation and pyroptosis. Surprisingly, by understanding these systems, new remedial methodologies can be created against the illness.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.895
Restricted data is accessible portraying the on-going pervasiveness of proteinuria and HIV-related CKDs (HIV-CKDs) in kids and teenagers living with HIV and getting antiretroviral treatment in the United States. To resolve this issue, we played out a review investigation of kids and young people living with HIV who got clinical consideration at Children's National Hospital in Washington, DC, between January 2012 and July 2019. Segment information, clinical boundaries (method of HIV transmission, viral burdens, CD4 cell counts, serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate [GFR], plasma lipid levels, proteinuria, circulatory strain, renal biopsies), and clinical medicines, all finished as a norm of clinical consideration, were gathered and examined.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2022.13.892
The association of nanoparticles with biomolecules and microorganisms is an extending field of exploration. Inside this field, a region that has been to a great extent neglected is the connection of metal nanoparticles with infections. In this work, we show that silver nanoparticles go through a size-subordinate connection with HIV-1, with nanoparticles only in the scope of 1-10 nm joined to the infection. The ordinary spatial game plan of the joined nanoparticles, the middle to-focus distance among nanoparticles, and the way that the uncovered sulfur-bearing build ups of the glycoprotein handles would be alluring locales for nanoparticle collaboration propose that silver nanoparticles interface with the HIV-1 infection through particular restricting to the gp120 glycoprotein handles. Because of this connection, silver nanoparticles restrain the infection from restricting to have cells, as shown in vitro. Nanotechnology gives the capacity to design the properties of materials by controlling their size, and this has driven research toward a huge number of likely purposes for nanomaterial’s. In the organic sciences, numerous applications for metal nanoparticles are being investigated, including biosensors, names for cells and biomolecules, and malignant growth therapeutics.
DOI: 10.37421/2795-6113.2023.14.927
Background: The use of structural equation modeling and latent variables remains unusual in epidemiology despite its potential usefulness and assessment of causal relations. Measuring the direct and indirect effect of latent variables helps with proper intervention and for the ART program to be effective. The main objective of the current investigation was to assess causal inference of assessment of the direct and indirect effect of latent covariates on CD4 cell count change for HIV positive adults under HAART.
Methods: Based on the repeated measures of CD4 cell count change data obtained in the ART section at Felege Hiwot teaching and specialized hospital, AMOS software was used for parameter estimation. The study was conducted on 792 randomly selected HIV positive adults. The data were collected by the health staff after a brief orientation of the variables under study.
Results: CD4 cell count change was directly and indirectly affected by the latent variables. The powers of effects of observed variables with and without latent variables were a little bit different from each other. Hence, the powerful effect of observed variables with latent variables was lower as compared to those without latent variables. The direct effect of latent variables on the response variable was a little bit greater than the indirect effect.
Conclusion: The power of the effects of observed variables was stronger than their effects with latent variables. Hence, the latent variables had significant contributions to the progress of CD4 cell count change. Health related education about the direct and indirect effects of latent variables should be given to patients under HAART. Knowledge of direct and indirect effects on the variable of interest is important for proper intervention in ART programs.
Awoke Seyoum Tegegne* and Chalachew Agimass
DOI: 10.37421/2168-6113.2023.14.930
Background: The main objective of this study was to investigate joint predictors of pulse rate and time to first recovery among diabetes mellitus patients under treatment.
Method: A retrospective cohort study design was conducted in this study. Linear mixed model and cox-proportional hazard model for separate analysis and joint model for the two responses were used.
Results: Among the participants, 66.7% of patients were female, and 19% of the patients had a family disease history. The time needed to reach the first recovery among male patients was significantly longer compared to female patients. The time needed to reach the first recovery among patients with no other related disease was significantly shorter as compared with patients with other related diseases (HR=0.0893).The estimated association parameter (α) in the joint model was -1.5108, with a p-value<0.001. The result indicates that the higher the pulse rate was associated with the lower time to the first recovery.
Conclusion: The variable age, residence area, other related diseases, and hypertension significantly and jointly affected both of the two responses. Due attention should be given to aged patients, patients with family disease history, patients with other related diseases, and rural patients.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.931
Background: World Health Organization (WHO) recommends viral load monitoring to ensure viral load suppression is achieved and maintained, there by decreased morbidity and mortality, but large gaps remain particularly in low and middle income countries. Virologic failure and treatment failure remained a major problem in Addis Ababa. Identifying the factors for virologic failure has benefits in controlling transmission and reducing disease burden.
Objectives: To identify the determinants of virologic failure in people living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in two selected public health facilities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Methods: A hospital based case control study was to identify determinants of virologic failure among HIV/AIDS patients who are on ART in Saint Peter’s specialized hospital and Zewditu memorial hospital. A total of 350 participants were recruited with 117 cases and 233 controls with 1:2 ratios of cases to controls. Those who have viral suppression (VL<1000 copies/ml) was taken as controls and those who don’t have viral load suppression were classified as cases. Epi info version 7.2.4 and SPSS version 25 were used for data entry and analysis respectively. Bivariate and multivariable regression analysis were conducted to identify factors associated with viral load non-suppression
Results: The majority of the study participants (62.6%) were female while 38.4% were male. Factors associated with viral load non-suppression included younger age (AOR=8.883), disclosure status (AOR=9.123), poor adherence (AOR=21.953), history of chronic disease (AOR=0.14), less duration on treatment (AOR=0.193), 2nd line regimen (AOR=7.611), and treatment failure as a reason for regimen change (AOR=16.381).
Conclusion: Being in the younger age group, poor adherence, long duration on treatment, being on second line regimen were the factors which increase chance of virologic failure. Behavioral intervention to prevent treatment interruption is required to sustain human immunodeficiency virus treatment adherence by focusing on age and treatment duration.
Mulualem Lemma*, Gezahegn Bewket, Zegeye Getaneh and Takele Teklu
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.939
Introduction: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) shows a great impact on immunological restoration and viral load suppression in individuals living with the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV). Currently, among 38.4 million individuals living with HIV in the globe, around 28.7 million are under ART. Good adherence and follow-up of ART treatment decrease the morbidity and mortality rates of HIV positive individuals and increase the quality of life. Although it is a retrospective cohort study, we aimed to assess how ART regimens influence the restoration of immunological and hematological parameters, and the clinical progression after 2 and half years of ART treatment and follow-up.
Methodology: Retrospectively, we reviewed the medical records of HIV patients. Based on our follow-up requirements, we collected the medical records of 320 HIV patients retrospectively and followed them for 2 and half years. All the socio-demographic data with immunological, hematological, BIM, and clinical data of HIV patients under follow-up were collected every six months for 30 months period. Data were entered into SPSS version 23 and graph pad prism version 5.1 (graph pad software, San Diego, CA). The data were described and statistically analyzed with simple frequency and repeated measures of ANOVA.
Result: Among the 320 HIV patients who followed, 61.9% were females. In this study, The CD4 T cell count showed significant improvement from the baseline to the 12th, 18th, 24th, and 30th month follow-up; from the 6th to 18th, 24th, and 30th month follow-up, and from 12th month to 24th and 30th month, indicating that ART significantly restored the immune response in HIV patients across the follow-up periods. The Body Mass Index (BMI) also showed similar significant improvement patterns with the CD4 T cell count. There was a significant improvement in the World Health Organization (WHO) clinical stage of HIV patients after follow-up as indicated by our result that the majority of HIV patients at baseline were at WHO stage III 168 (58.5%), however, after 2 and half year follow-up, only 16.3% remained at WHO stage III. In addition, at baseline (before initiation of ART), the proportion of HIV patients at WHO clinical stage I was only 12.8%, and that was increased to 44% at the end of the follow-up period. The burden of opportunistic infections also significantly decreased from 413.1% at baseline to 0.9% after follow-up. The hematological parameters such as total WBC count, platelet count, and hemoglobin levels were also significantly improved through the course of the follow-up periods.
Conclusion: Our study showed that good ART treatment and good follow-up of HIV management in patients with HIV can bring indispensable progress in their immunological, hematological, and clinical parameters.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.959
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.962
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.961
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.963
Mlindeli Gamede*, Mbulelo Aubrey Sosibo and Mluleki Luvuno
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.964
Introduction: Metabolic syndrome complications are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among non-communicable diseases in the world. The onset of these diseases can be attributed to factors such as genetic susceptibility, poor diets, and chronic medications. Antiretroviral (ARVs) for Human Immunity Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) have been previously associated with complications such as central obesity which is a risk factor for the onset of the metabolic syndrome. This protocol outlines the process for conducting a systematic review to investigate the association between chronic ARVs treatment and the onset of metabolic syndrome complications.
Methodology and analysis: The studies included in the systematic review are selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These studies are searched using search engines or databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Medline, Science direct, and Embase Database. Articles will be screened against inclusion and exclusion criteria in two stages, first by the title and abstract, and second by the full article. The articles that remained after full article screening will be assessed for bias and the data will be extracted. The heterogeneity test will be conducted using both x2 and I2 tests, meta-analysis and data will be presented in forest plots, odds of ratio, and standard error of a mean.
Dissemination and registration: The current protocol paper narrates the methods that will be followed when conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis about the risks of ARVs in the development of metabolic diseases, focusing on ARV regimen one and regimen two. The results intend to give an insight about the ARVs as one of the risk factors of metabolic diseases and further elaborate on the regimen that possesses a high risk between the first and second regimens. This protocol has been registered on PROSPERO Database # CRD42022316038.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.960
Marcelo Chen, I-An Jen, Wei-You Li and Yi-Ming Arthur Chen*
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.965
Background: Previous epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of some cancers in People Living With HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). This study was performed to investigate the epidemiology of cancers in PLWHA in Taiwan.
Methods: Data from Taiwan’s National Health Research Database and the HIV/AIDS registry of Taiwan CDC were matched to identify HIVpositive cases from January 2001 to December 2016 who subsequently were diagnosed with cancer. These cases were then compared to general population controls in a 20 to 1 controls to cases ratio. The Incidence Density (ID) and Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) were calculated for each cancer.
Results: A total of 1,960 PLWHA with cancer were identified in this study period. For the AIDS-defining cancers, the highest ID per 100,000 person-years was for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in males (ID=216.17) and cervical cancer in females (ID=480.24). The highest SIR was for Kaposi’s sarcoma in males (SIR=252.29, 95%CI=224.49-284.23) and in females (SIR=166.67, 95%CI=53.71-338.94). For the non-AIDS defining cancers, the highest ID per 100,000 person-years was for liver and intrahepatic duct cancer (ID=96.75) in males and bronchus and lung cancer in females (ID=102.55). The highest SIR was for cancer of the anus or anal canal in males (SIR=46.02, 95%CI=36.55-57.2) and in females (SIR=18.75, 95%CI=3.77-54.78). Survival analysis showed that survival was worse in men without HAART and with cancer than in men with HAART and cancer.
Conclusion: PLWHA are at an increased risk of ADCs and NADCs and HAART improves survival. PLWHA should therefore be screened regularly and aggressively for early cancer detection and treatment.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.959
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.960
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.961
The HIV/AIDS pandemic continues to pose a significant global health challenge. The development of effective antiretroviral therapies has been crucial in managing the disease. This study examines the recent approval by the Food and Drug Administration of a groundbreaking treatment for HIV and its potential impact on improving patient outcomes. We conducted a comprehensive review of the clinical trials and regulatory processes leading to the FDA approval of the new HIV treatment. Data on safety, efficacy and patient outcomes were analyzed to assess the treatment's effectiveness in comparison to existing therapies. The FDA granted approval for the new HIV treatment based on robust clinical evidence demonstrating its efficacy in suppressing viral replication and improving immunological parameters. The treatment also exhibited a favorable safety profile, with minimal adverse effects reported during the trials. The approval of this novel HIV treatment marks a significant milestone in the field of antiretroviral therapy. Its unique mechanism of action and improved tolerability offer new hope for HIV patients, particularly those who have developed resistance to existing medications. The study discusses potential implications for clinical practice, public health and ongoing efforts to combat the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The FDA approval of this novel HIV treatment represents a major advancement in the field of antiretroviral therapy. Continued research and monitoring will be essential to further elucidate the long-term efficacy and safety of this treatment, as well as its impact on global HIV management strategies.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.962
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.963
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.964
This review aims to explore the impact of regular HIV testing and counseling on patient outcomes, emphasizing the importance of proactive healthcare measures in the context of HIV prevention and management. The paper synthesizes existing literature to provide insights into the benefits of routine testing and counseling, challenges faced, and potential solutions to improve implementation.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.966
This retrospective study delves into the experiences of individuals diagnosed with HIV/AIDS during a period marked by limited understanding and stigmatization. Through the lens of Ryan's diagnosis, the paper explores the challenges faced by patients and healthcare providers, shedding light on the prevailing misconceptions and the evolving landscape of HIV/AIDS knowledge during that time.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.966
This comprehensive review examines the intricate trajectory of AIDS vaccine development, focusing on the multifaceted challenges faced, the significant strides made, and the promising avenues for future research. Through a synthesis of existing literature, clinical trials, and scientific advancements, this paper provides a nuanced understanding of the complexities inherent in the quest for an effective vaccine against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2023.14.967
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.987
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.988
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.989
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.990
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.981
Drug resistance is a pressing global health challenge, thwarting efforts to combat infectious diseases and cancer. This article delves into the multifaceted drivers of drug resistance, elucidating the biological, environmental and societal factors that contribute to its emergence and spread. From microbial adaptation mechanisms to patient behavior and healthcare practices, understanding these drivers is crucial for developing effective strategies to mitigate drug resistance. By dissecting the intricate interplay between pathogens, hosts and the environment, this exploration aims to inform innovative approaches for tackling this growing threat to public health.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.982
Bones under Siege: Unravelling the Complexities of HIV-Associated Bone Disease" delves into the intricate relationship between HIV infection and bone health. This review explores the multifactorial nature of HIV-associated bone disease, encompassing the effects of the virus itself, antiretroviral therapy, chronic inflammation, immune dysfunction and traditional risk factors for osteoporosis. Through an analysis of current research findings, potential mechanisms driving bone loss in HIV-infected individuals are elucidated, along with emerging therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating skeletal complications. Understanding the complexities of HIV-associated bone disease is crucial for optimizing clinical management and enhancing the quality of life for affected individuals.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.983
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.984
Innovations in drug delivery technologies are revolutionizing healthcare by enhancing therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance and overall treatment outcomes. This paper explores recent advancements in drug delivery systems, including nanoparticle-based formulations, implantable devices and targeted delivery mechanisms. These technologies promise precise control over drug release kinetics, site-specific targeting and minimization of adverse effects. Additionally, the integration of smart materials and biosensors enables real-time monitoring of drug levels and patient response, fostering personalized medicine approaches. By overcoming traditional limitations in drug administration, these innovations hold immense potential to reshape the landscape of healthcare delivery, ushering in an era of more effective and patient-centric treatment modalities.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.985
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.986
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.991
The effective strategies for managing anxiety associated with HIV diagnosis. It explores various coping mechanisms, including psychological techniques and support networks, to help individuals navigate fear and uncertainty while promoting emotional well-being and empowerment.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.992
HIV infection remains a global health challenge, often termed the silent pandemic due to its persistent impact on individuals and communities worldwide. Despite significant strides in prevention and treatment, HIV continues to pose formidable obstacles to public health. This abstract explores recent advances in HIV treatment, including the development of antiretroviral therapies that enhance efficacy and reduce side effects, as well as novel approaches such as long-acting injectables and gene editing technologies. Additionally, it highlights ongoing efforts to address disparities in access to care and combat stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS. While progress has been made, ongoing research and concerted efforts are essential to further mitigate the burden of HIV and move closer to achieving the goal of an AIDS-free generation.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.991
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.994
This comparative analysis explores the distinct characteristics and public health implications of SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic and poliovirus, a target of extensive vaccination campaigns. While both viruses differ in transmission modes, clinical manifestations and vaccination strategies, they share common themes in viral structure, disease burden and preventive measures. Understanding these similarities and differences provides valuable insights into viral dynamics, disease management strategies and the importance of vaccination programs in controlling infectious diseases.
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.995
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.996
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.997
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.998
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.999
DOI: 10.37421/2155-6113.2024.15.1000
Journal of AIDS & Clinical Research received 5264 citations as per Google Scholar report
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