Organoids, spheroids and organs-on-a-chip are innovative three-dimensional cell culture models that mimic the structural and functional complexities of human tissues. They hold great promise in various fields, including drug development, disease modeling and regenerative medicine. To fully harness their potential, it is crucial to monitor and manipulate these 3D models effectively. Biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for probing organoids and organs-on-a-chip, offering real-time insights into cellular responses, metabolic activities and microenvironment dynamics. This paper explores the application of biosensors in studying 3D cell cultures, highlighting their role in advancing our understanding of tissue physiology, drug screening and disease modeling. The integration of biosensors with organoid and organs-on-a-chip technologies opens new avenues for personalized medicine and drug discovery, ultimately paving the way for more accurate and efficient in vitro models.
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