Hamad Ali*, Fredrick Mashili, Alexander Tungu, Oscar Mbembela, Suzan Kilamile and Maryam Hamad
Background: Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is an abnormality of kidney structure or function that is present for more than 3 months, resulting in a progressive loss of renal function that can occur over a year. It is a global public health concern affecting around 9.1% of the total global population. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), more than 16% of the population is affected by CKD. Most of the published papers focused more on explaining the prevalence of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) regardless of sex differences. No or little study in Zanzibar has explained CKD and its associated factors based on gender. So, this study aimed to address the prevalence of CKD patients based on sex criteria and further determined the risk factors associated with the development of Gender based CKD.
Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study was conducted at Mnazi Mmoja Referral Hospital in Zanzibar. Consecutive sampling was used as the only technique to obtain participants. A standard questionnaire and patient files were used to capture the demographic, clinical characteristics, and risk factors data respectively. SPSS was used to analyze the data. A frequency distribution table was used to calculate the prevalence. Chi-square as well as relative Risk were used to determine the association between factors and gender based CKD.
Results: A total of 97 patients participated in the study. The prevalence of males and females CKD was 57.1% and 42.3% respectively. The mean age of all study participants was 49 ± 12 years respectively, where males’ and females’ mean age were 50 ± 12 and 46 ± 10 years. The majority of the females with CKD were in between 36-45 years while males were 45-60 years. Most of the CKDs were secondary school graduators (M: F=58.9:61). Older age >60 years for males CKD and 36-45 years for females’ age was identified as a statistically significant risk factor for developing a CKD (p<0.05). Hypertension and diabetes were also identified as the risk factors mostly for males than females although the finding was not statistically significant (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The study observed a higher prevalence of male CKD than did females. Factors like old age, hypertension and diabetes were more associated with male's CKD than females. Young females 36-45 years old were identified as a risk factor for the progression of CKD for females.
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