Bioceramic-based Materials for Dental Restorations: A Comprehensive Review

Freya Middleton^*
*Correspondence: Freya Middleton, Department of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, University College London, London, UK, Email:

Introduction

Bioceramic-based materials have revolutionized modern dentistry, particularly in the field of dental restorations, due to their excellent biocompatibility, bioactivity, aesthetics and mechanical performance. Derived from ceramic compounds such as alumina, zirconia and calcium silicate, these materials closely mimic the properties of natural teeth and promote favorable tissue responses, making them ideal for both restorative and endodontic applications. Over the past two decades, their utilization in root-end fillings, pulp capping, sealers and crowns has expanded dramatically, driven by ongoing research and clinical innovations. This comprehensive review explores the composition, properties, clinical applications and advantages of bioceramic materials in dental restorations, while also addressing current challenges and future directions [1].

Description

Bioceramic materials used in dental restorations can be broadly classified into bioinert (e.g., zirconia and alumina) and bioactive (e.g., calcium silicate-based cements) categories. Bioinert ceramics like zirconia exhibit high fracture toughness, aesthetic appeal due to tooth-like translucency and excellent wear resistance, making them suitable for crowns, bridges and implant abutments. In contrast, bioactive ceramics such as Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and newer calcium silicate cements actively interact with dental tissues to stimulate healing and promote mineralization. These materials are increasingly used in endodontics for root repair, perforation sealing and apexification due to their ability to form hydroxyapatite in vivo and maintain a seal against microbial leakage.

One of the most significant advantages of bioceramic dental materials is their ability to support biological integration while maintaining a stable interface with dental tissues. For example, calcium silicate-based sealers are not only radiopaque and hydrophilic but also exhibit superior sealing ability and promote periapical healing by releasing calcium ions that encourage dentin bridge formation. Zirconia restorations, known for their durability and corrosion resistance, are also compatible with oral soft tissues, resulting in minimal inflammation or allergic reactions. Furthermore, their aesthetic qualities make them a preferred choice for anterior restorations where appearance is a key concern. With advances in CAD/CAM technologies, these materials can now be fabricated with high precision, improving clinical efficiency and patient satisfaction.

Despite their numerous advantages, bioceramic materials face certain limitations that impact their widespread adoption. The brittleness of some ceramic types under high occlusal loads, challenges in bonding with composite resins and longer setting times of specific endodontic formulations like MTA can limit their clinical use. To address these challenges, ongoing research focuses on enhancing mechanical properties through nanoparticle reinforcement, hybrid material development and incorporation of radiopacifiers that do not compromise biocompatibility. Moreover, emerging formulations such as premixed injectable bioceramic sealers and translucent zirconia are improving handling properties and esthetic outcomes, reflecting a trend toward more user-friendly and patient-centered solutions [2].

Conclusion

In conclusion, bioceramic-based materials have become indispensable in modern dental restorations due to their combination of biological compatibility, aesthetic potential and functional performance. Their application spans a broad range of procedures, from restorative crowns and bridges to vital pulp therapies and root canal fillings. While traditional ceramics offered inert structural support, contemporary bioceramics actively participate in tissue regeneration and healing, marking a paradigm shift in dental materials science. Continued innovation in material composition, processing technologies and clinical delivery systems is expected to overcome current limitations and broaden the scope of bioceramics in dentistry. As the dental field advances toward minimally invasive, biologically integrated approaches, bioceramic materials are poised to play a leading role in shaping the future of restorative and regenerative dental care.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

References

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