Alginate Oligosaccharides have the Potential to be used in Biomedicine

Lei Chen^*
*Correspondence: Lei Chen, Department of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, China, Email:

Keywords

Alginate oligosaccharides • Brown algae • Health-promoting • Biomedicine

Introduction

It is critical to take note of that marine shells are well developed in three regions right now: bone fix, restorative worth and medical care and medication conveyance, all of which add to the progression of the biomedical field. Additionally, a comprehensive description of the low-cost and high-efficiency use of marine shells in the adsorption and purification of a wide range of impurities, including dyes, heavy metal ions, and crude oil, is provided. Finally, we are focused on achieving the synergistic mutually advantageous arrangement of financial and ecological benefits by coordinating considerations and approaches from various applications, explaining the current development stages and bottlenecks, advancing the advancement of related innovation businesses and providing new pathways to the discovery and future high-worth of shell assets.

Literature Review

According to Lavaud & Goss, brown algae are a significant group of multicellular algae and one of the essential and essential components of the marine ecosystem. In the intertidal and subtidal zones of rocky shores, they dominate the vegetation and are biologically diverse, with thousands of distinct species .They are found in coastal, estuarine, and deep-sea environments and possess numerous distinctive characteristics, including rapid growth, distinct structure, strong adaptability, and widespread distribution. According to Lavaud & Goss, a portion of their ecological significance is derived from their contributions to marine biomass and carbon cycling. According to de Mesquita et al., brown algae promote the well-being of the entire marine biosphere by providing numerous other organisms with food and habitat.

Discussion

As a food, brown algae are also important to human economies, particularly in Asian nations. Due to their high mineral and trace element content, they are also utilized as a natural feed or fertilizer, as well as a source of biological products like alginates, mannitol, and iodine. As a source of novel functional components that are not found in terrestrial plants, brown algae have tremendous potential. Alginates, fucoidan and laminaran, among other valuable brown algae extracts, have recently been investigated for nutrient and drug development [1].

Brown algae's cell walls contain alginate, a linear, acidic polysaccharide. Alginate comprises of hexuronic corrosive buildups β-d-mannuronic corrosive and α-l-guluronic corrosive with only glycosidic linkages. It is widely used in the food, cosmetic, and biomedical industries due to its chelation, gelation, and hydrophilic properties. Alginate may increase antitumor immune efficacy in ovarian, melanoma, liver, and breast cancers when used as a therapeutic adjuvant, drug carrier, wound healing material, and biological scaffold. Alginate's macromolecular structure, poor solubility and low bioavailability have limited its direct therapeutic effects in biomedical applications. Alginate can be processed synthetically or enzymatically, delivering alginate oligosaccharides, which have lower sub-atomic loads and lower consistency [2].

AOS are bioavailable and more soluble. Because of their superior pharmacological activities and beneficial effects in biomedicine, AOS have attracted particular attention. In addition to the above multiple pharmacological benefits, AOS have other medical effects. AOS can alleviate pulmonary hypertension in mice via restoration of the TGFβ1/p-Smad2 signaling pathway and restraining the activation of P-selectin AOS could prevent D-galactose-mediated cataracts in C57BL/6 J mice through inhibiting oxidative stress and up-regulating genes related to antioxidant system. Two studies showed that AOS exhibited protection effect on senescent cardio myocytes and could alleviate injury. AOS were also applied in aquaculture industry due to their beneficial effects on growth performance, immunity and disease resistance of tilapia [3].

In summary, the physicochemical and biochemical properties of AOS, such as small molecular size, low viscosity, high water solubility and intestinal absorption make them suitable for preparation in a variety of dosage forms for different administration modes, including inhalation, intraperitoneal injection and oral gavage. AOS could perform their unique biological functions in three modes, as extracellular signaling molecules to induce host biological reactions; as prebiotics to stimulate and improve the interactions between symbiotic microbiota and host metabolism; as drug adjuvant or carrier to enhance the efficacy of drug itself. Different sources of raw materials, preparation methods and modification styles determinate the structure and properties of final AOS products, which affect their beneficial functions and special effects [4].

The current AOS research faces the following difficulties: The majority of studies are conducted in laboratories. A couple of studies include in clinical preliminaries in people, AOS manufacturing is far from industrialized. Concerning enzymatically digested AOS, the main barriers to industrial production are the low yield and hydrolysis efficiency of current alginate lyases and The price of making AOS is too high. As a result, AOS-based medications, particularly those that are not yet covered by medical insurance, are costly and increase patients' financial burden. AOS have a wide range of potential applications because of their strong structural plasticity, high bioavailability, and diverse beneficial effects, despite these obstacles. Because of their potential uses, it is worthwhile to put in more effort [5,6].

Conclusion

In later examinations, analysts ought to zero in on the accompanying viewpoints: More human clinical trials are needed to provide detailed experimental evidence for making AOS products more reliable and persuasive. In order to finally increase AOS's production rate and yield, more effective manufacturing technology must be developed. One methodology is to acquire steady and proficient alginate lyase, which expects inside and out research for enormous scope screening and distinguishing proof of alginate lyase-creating microorganisms, the expression and cloning of genes that make alginate lyase, sanitization and portrayal of catalysts with high synergist movement and the enzymatic hydrolysis process optimization. what's more, the high level multidisciplinary procedures should be created to change and portray AOS, uncovering their hidden construction capability relationship. We believe that the collaborative efforts of researchers will soon result in the rise and prosperity of AOS-based drugs.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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