DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2023.6.171
Multiple sclerosis is a condition which has the potential of disabling the central nervous system. As such, the organs which are profoundly affected by multiple sclerosis include the spinal cord and the brain. Hen an individual has multiple sclerosis and the immune system tends to attack the myelin, (a protective sheath) covering the nerve ibers. As a result, communication through neuron-transmission is disrupted between the brain and other body organs. If the disease is not treated, it creates deterioration as well as permanent damage to the nerves in the body.
Krishnendu Choudhury* and Sitansu Sekhar Nandi
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRES) and Reversible Cerebral Vasoconstriction Syndrome (RCVS) constitute a spectrum of disorders characterized by acute-onset headache, altered sensorium, hypertension, visual field defect and seizures, with radiological features of vasogenic edema particularly in parieto-occipital regions of brain. In PRES, the typical feature is vasogenic cerebral edema which is mostly reversible, while in RCVS, cytotoxic edema may persue resulting from multifocal vasoconstriction, which is also reversible with treatment producing complete recovery. Important causes of PRES are: Hypertension secondary to Preeclampsia/Eclampsia, Infections with or without CNS involvement, may be bacterial or viral, occasionally Herpes simplex encephalitis. Autoimmune disease/SLE. Here we report a woman without history of pregnancy induced hypertension who developed progressive hypertension early post- partum and presented with features of both PRES and RCVS. Early recognition of her illness with clinical and radiological features followed by appropriate treatment led to prompt response and prevented a potential threat to her life.
Glioblastoma (GBM) represents the most aggressive and lethal form of primary brain tumors, characterized by rapid progression, therapeutic resistance and dismal prognosis. Despite decades of research, the molecular and cellular complexity of gliomas remains incompletely understood, posing significant challenges for effective treatment strategies. In recent years, advances in genomics, molecular profiling and immunotherapy have provided novel insights into the biology of gliomas and potential therapeutic targets. This review comprehensively examines the current understanding of GBM biology, including key genetic alterations, signalling pathways, tumor microenvironment interactions and immune evasion mechanisms. Furthermore, emerging therapeutic approaches, such as targeted therapies, immunotherapies and precision medicine strategies, are discussed in the context of overcoming therapeutic resistance and improving patient outcomes. By deciphering the intricate biology of GBM and exploring innovative therapeutic modalities, there is hope for revolutionizing the management of gliomas and offering new avenues for personalized and effective treatment.
Gliomas, the most common primary brain tumors, exhibit significant heterogeneity in terms of molecular characteristics and clinical outcomes. The identification of biomarkers that can predict patient survival and guide treatment decisions is crucial for improving outcomes in glioma patients. The CSF3R/CD114 gene has been implicated in various cancers, but its role in gliomas remains unclear. This review aims to elucidate the role of CSF3R/CD114 gene expression in gliomas and its implications for patient survival. We summarize current literature on the expression patterns of CSF3R/CD114 in gliomas, its association with clinicopathological features and its prognostic significance. Furthermore, we discuss potential mechanisms underlying the involvement of CSF3R/CD114 in glioma progression and therapy resistance. Understanding the role of CSF3R/CD114 in gliomas may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies and personalized treatment approaches for glioma patients.
Craniocervical tumors present a challenging scenario due to their intricate anatomical location and the potential risk of neurological compromise. Surgical management often requires precise stabilization of the craniocervical junction to prevent instability and neurological deterioration. The transoral approach has emerged as a valuable technique for accessing craniocervical lesions while minimizing surgical morbidity. This review explores the role of clivus-cervical stabilization through the transoral approach in patients with craniocervical tumors, highlighting surgical indications, technical considerations, outcomes and complications.
Yue Hu, Yong Ye, and Yong Tao
The spinal anesthesia induced by injection of local anesthetics in the subarachnoid space, which blocked the conduction function of some spinal nerves. However, there are various kinds of anesthetics used in spinal anesthesia; many of them can cause transient or permeant neurological symptoms. One often-overlooked complication of intraspinal anesthesia is Transient Nervous Syndrome (TNS). TNS can affect patients' mood and postoperative recovery. This paper mainly describes the related factors of TNS after spinal anesthesia, such as local anesthetics, surgical position and operation time and discusses the mechanism, prevention and treatment of TNS.
Min Li, Xiaog Gao , Fengwei Liu , Yaqiong Ja , Ran Meng and Xunming Ji
Background: This study was aimed to establish a standard for internal jugular vein-J3 segment stenosis by jugular ultrasound and to investigate the impact of IJV-J3 segment stenosis on intracranial pressure and cerebral venous outflow.
Methods: 126 subjects who underwent jugular ultrasound from January 2015 to December 2020 were retrospectively recruited.
Results: The flow velocity of internal jugular vein -J3 segment was significantly lower in subjects with the trans-stenotic pressure ≥ 4 mmHg compared with those with trans-stenotic pressure <4 mmHg (p=0.0402). Flow velocity ≤ 27.5 cm/s suggested a trans-stenotic pressure ≥ 4 mmHg and was defined as internal jugular vein stenosis (p=0.0254). No difference was found between the intracranial pressure of internal jugular vein stenosis subjects and that of non-internal jugular vein stenosis subjects (p=0.7329). Results from linear regression also implied no correlation between internal jugular vein stenosis and intracranial pressure. However, the flow velocity in both left and right vertebral vein were significantly higher in internal jugular vein stenosis subjects as compared to normal controls (p=0.0056, p=0.0454).
Conclusion: Flow velocity ≤ 27.5 cm/s in internal jugular vein-J3 segment was defined as internal jugular vein stenosis. Internal jugular vein stenosis did not lead to intracranial hypertension, but resulted in cerebral venous outflow redistribution which presented as increased venous outflow in vertebral veins.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis (CVT) is a rare form of cerebrovascular disease with variable manifestations like headache, focal neurological deficit, seizure and altered sensorium thus making the diagnosis difficult. Indian studies revealed that CVT contribute to 10% of all stroke. Earlier studies from India showed an increase incidence of CVT in women due to puerperium, Oral contraceptive pills and hormone replacement therapy.
Journal of Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery received 2 citations as per Google Scholar report
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