Vinod Kumar Tewari, Abhishek Gupta, Devesh Johari and Lori Tewari
In tetanus patients Levodopa and Carbidopa combination (which is usually used to relieve the signs of extrapyramidal) causes respiratory muscles spasm relief thereby the need for sedatives is decreased and patient saved later on via central nervous system mechanism, by providing the inhibitory neurotransmitters at Anterior Horn cells. The tetanus toxin initially binds to peripheral nerve terminals then it retrogradely goes to CNS attaches with gangliosides at presynaptic inhibitory motor nerve endings, blocks glycine and gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) across the synaptic cleft.
Vinod Kumar Tewari* , Abhishek Gupta, Devesh Johari and Lori Tewari
Motor Neuron Disease (MND) or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a slow fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by selective and gradual motor neuronal death with unknown aetiology. The insufficient clearance of glutamate through the glutamate transporter, and the specific distribution of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors in spinal motor neurons, indicates that glutamate-induced neurotoxicity is involved in its pathogenesis. NO is generated by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) which acts via 10000-fold effect to reverse the neuronal death. NO is destructive within 5 to 7 days as noted in earlier study by various authors. We have used intrathecal sodium nitroprusside to activate the 10000-fold effect to modulate the retrograde neuroregulation in MND.
Hazel Scarlett*
COVID 19 is new to humanity; its impact and severity on general health have yet to be determined, although those with chronic illnesses such as asthma, renal diseases, cardiac problems, and the geriatric population have been advised to take extra care. COVID-19 has resulted in both internal and foreign battle for mankind [1]. On the one hand, external forces and the government are addressing individuals in order to preserve social distance, isolation, and other hygienic conditions. On the other side, some segments of society, particularly elderly people, children, and the sick, are grappling inwardly with the prospect of a worsening scenario as a result of the COVID-19 epidemic.
Hazel Scarlett*
Many people with idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (iNPH) have been reported to have fallen before being diagnosed. There have been no previous studies on the prevalence of iNPH among the elderly with a history of falls. The efficacy of screening for iNPH in older patients who present after a fall was examined in this research. The clinical trial of gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and urine incontinence, as well as ventricular enlargement on neurological imaging, describe idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). Clinical care for iNPH is becoming increasingly important in a rapidly ageing population, as the condition is more frequent in the elderly. Among dementing diseases, iNPH is one of the few that can be treated; a Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) shunt has proven to be successful, with clinical improvement reported in 60%-80% of patients. Despite the growing significance of identifying this condition, it is still underdiagnosed, owing to its non-specific symptoms and predominance among the elderly, who are more likely to have other diseases that are similar, leading to diagnostic confusion.
Hazel Scarlett*
Near-infrared spectroscopy is used to measure cerebral oximetry, which offers continuous and non-invasive information on the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin in the central nervous system. This is particularly critical in the case of individuals who have suffered catastrophic brain injuries. Brain oximetry monitoring in these individuals may enable for the identification of insufficient cerebral oxygenation caused by cerebral blood flow abnormalities. It could be able to detect hypoxia and cerebral ischemia events. Continuous bedside monitoring might aid in the early detection of cerebral haemorrhage and cerebrovascular autoregulation problems, as well as therapy implementation. However, it is important to realise that using near-infrared spectroscopy to monitor cerebral oximetry has a number of drawbacks, which are mostly due to its physical characteristics. TBIs are one of the leading causes of death in patients who have been wounded in traffic accidents, falls from great heights, battery, or a firearm attack. TBIs are categorised in a variety of ways. Mild, moderate, and severe injuries are classified according to the severity of the injury. They are divided into two categories: focal injuries and primary diffuse brain injuries, depending on the mechanism of damage. They can occur on their own or as part of a multi-organ injury. A Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) causes a primary brain damage.
Hazel Scarlett
Hazel Scarlett
Hazel Scarlett*
To see if patient satisfaction after anterior cervical spine surgery can be predicted by preoperative Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) and rapid postoperative arm pain alleviation. The researchers conducted a retrospective study of prospectively collected data from 193 patients with cervical radiculopathy who had surgery at Aarhus University Hospital. Preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the 1-year follow-up, standardised questionnaires were utilised to assess demographics, clinical results, and complications. The Visual Analogue Scale for Arm Pain (VAS-AP) and Neck Pain (VAS-NP), the Neck Disability Index (NDI), the EQ-5D 3-level version (EQ5D3L), and satisfaction were all included in PROMs. Medical records were used to compile immediate upper extremity pain status. PROMs improved considerably (p<0.001), and the majority of patients (66%) were happy with the surgical outcome at follow-up. Complications and complaints occurred in 3.6% of intraoperative cases, 1.5% of in-hospital cases, and 43% of post discharge cases. When compared to patients with a symptom duration of less than 24 months, patients with a symptom duration of more than 24 months had substantially lower probabilities of being satisfied.
Hazel Scarlett*
Plasma Exchange (PE) and Immunoadsorption (IA) are key therapeutic options for autoimmune diseases in a variety of medical fields. Their pathophysiological reasoning is primarily based on the elimination of autoantibodies and a favourable immune system regulation. From a theoretical standpoint, apheresis is a promising treatment approach since it works by removing pathogenic components rather than giving medicines that can have serious adverse effects. Multiple Sclerosis (MS) steroidrefractory relapse, myasthenia gravis, Autoimmune Encephalitis (AE), Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS), and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP) are among the neurological indications. Although PE and IA are frequently used in clinical practise, evidence for their efficacy and safety in the aforementioned indications is generally lacking. This is due to the fact that drugs and medical devices are treated differently in terms of regulatory approvals in most countries, that is indication-specific phase III studies are generally not required in order to gain approval. As a result, less is known regarding the efficacy of PE and IA in comparison to other treatment choices and to each other. Similarly, there is a complete dearth of understanding regarding the best treatment regimens for PE and IA.
Hazel Scarlett*
Coffee is one of the world's most researched and commonly consumed beverages. Coffee is grown mostly in Latin America, Asia, and Africa, and its trade is the second largest after crude oil, with a value of more than $10 billion. The Rubiaceae family has hundreds of different species of coffee. The two species cultivated for commercial purposes are Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora. As the general public becomes more aware of their nutrition, several issues about the impact of coffee on their health have arisen. Caffeine, chlorogenic acid, diterpenes, and trigonelline are some of the most frequent bioactive compounds found in coffee.
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2022.5.141
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2022.5.142
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DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2022.5.145
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.231
Multiple sclerosis is a condition which has the potential of disabling the central nervous system. As such, the organs which are profoundly affected by multiple sclerosis include the spinal cord and the brain. Hen an individual has multiple sclerosis and the immune system tends to attack the myelin, (a protective sheath) covering the nerve ibers. As a result, communication through neuron-transmission is disrupted between the brain and other body organs. If the disease is not treated, it creates deterioration as well as permanent damage to the nerves in the body.
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.232
Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), present significant challenges in both diagnosis and treatment. Advances in precision medicine offer promising new avenues for personalized approaches to these complex disorders. This article explores current practices in precision medicine for neurodegenerative diseases, highlights key advancements and outlines potential future directions for research and clinical application. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. These conditions are notoriously difficult to diagnose early and to treat effectively due to their complex and multifactorial nature. Traditional approaches to treatment have often been one-size-fits-all, but the emergence of precision medicine—an approach tailored to the individual characteristics of each patient—promises to transform this landscape.
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.233
Neurosurgical research, a critical field advancing our understanding of the brain and nervous system, presents unique ethical and consent challenges. Neurosurgical research often involves invasive procedures, including brain surgery, that carry significant risks. The potential benefits, such as advancements in treatments for neurological disorders, must be weighed against these risks. This balance necessitates a rigorous ethical framework to guide research practices and protect patient interests. Neurosurgical research is at the forefront of medical science, striving to unlock the mysteries of the brain and nervous system to develop innovative treatments for neurological disorders. However, the field's inherent complexity presents multifaceted challenges that researchers must navigate carefully.
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.234
Drug-resistant epilepsy presents a significant challenge in neurology and neurosurgery. Despite advancements in pharmacological treatments, a substantial proportion of patients experience persistent seizures that do not respond to conventional anti-seizure medications. For these individuals, surgical intervention offers a promising alternative. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. While many patients achieve satisfactory seizure control with Anti-Seizure Medications (ASMs), a substantial subset of individuals, termed Drug-Resistant Epilepsy (DRE), continues to experience seizures despite treatment. Understanding drug-resistant epilepsy involves exploring its definition, causes, diagnostic challenges and impact on patients.
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.235
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a transformative intervention for managing movement disorders, including Parkinson's Disease (PD), Essential Tremor (ET) and Dystonia. This meta-analysis aims to synthesize long-term outcomes of DBS therapy, focusing on efficacy, safety and quality of life. By evaluating data from multiple studies, we provide a comprehensive overview of how DBS impacts patients with movement disorders over extended periods. Deep Brain Stimulation, a neurosurgical technique involving the implantation of electrodes into specific brain regions, has been shown to offer significant benefits to patients with various movement disorders. As DBS technology evolves and its application expands, understanding the long-term outcomes becomes crucial for optimizing patient care and guiding clinical decision-making. This metaanalysis collates data from longitudinal studies to evaluate the sustainability of DBS benefits and the incidence of long-term complications.
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.236
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.237
DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.238
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DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.247
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DOI: 10.37421/2684-6012.2024.7.250
Journal of Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery received 2 citations as per Google Scholar report
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