Virology: Current Research

Viral pandemics over centuries and millennia have left indelible signatures on our genomes. Deciphering these signatures could give us profoundly important information on our evolutionary history that appears to have been directed by the arrival of new viruses from the deep cosmos. A recent study that shows a residual signature of SARS-CoV-2 (in the form of multiple generational expression of host-specific SARS-CoV targeting viral interacting proteins known as VIPs) in the genomes of a South Asian population suggests that a major COVID-19 type infectious episode may have occurred about 25,000 years ago. The need to monitor the stratosphere for the arrival of new pathogenic viruses, or even the return of old viruses such as Small Pox, is stressed.

May have pain in the arm where we got the shot and strength run a fever and knowledge body aches, headaches and weariness for a day or two. Anxieties, swollen lymph nodes can also occur. For the vaccines that use two doses, if have not had COVID-19, the chance of having obvious side effects is higher after the second shot. Those who have had COVID-19 may experience stronger side effects after the first dose. Feeling side effects does not mean that having COVID-19, but signs that your immune system is answering to the vaccine. These side effects are significantly less dangerous to health than having COVID-19.

MicroRNAs or miRNAs are small non-coding RNAs which are important regulators of various developmental and survival processes of the eukaryotic organisms. They regulate the expression of genes post-transcriptionally. Upregulation or downregulation of miRNA expression leads to alteration of many signalling and developmental processes which can help or harm the organism. Plants are no exception to that. In the last 30 years many miRNAs have been found to be deregulated under various abiotic and biotic stresses in plants and also to be closely associated in tolerance of the same. This review focuses on the involvement of miRNAs in stress tolerance in plants that have been identified so far.

Background: The 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) viral pandemic has become a significant public health emergency worldwide, evolving rapidly. Although the lungs are the main organ targeted in this disorder, other vital organs may be involved. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a major component of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, is the principal host receptor for SARS-CoV-2 (RAAS). The ACE2 is important in testicular male regulation of steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis. A recent report published in JAMA network revealed that in an analysis 38 semen samples from COVID‐19 patients pcr positive. Since SARS-CoV-2 is capable of infecting the testis via ACE2 and adversely affecting the male reproductive system. From this point the purpose of this study is how covid-19 affect spermatogenesis.

Methods: How covid-19 affect spermatogenesis.

Design and setting of the study: A 100 patients had been enrolled in the study by a criteria suggesting good semen analysis. two sets of semen analysis done, the first after 72days of first positive swab for covid-19 to show changes in semen analysis from normal values in the cycle of spermatogenesis during infection, the other sample after 72 days from the first sample to show if the changes regress to normal and to compare it with the first sample.

Results: A total number 100 patients first sample show 2% of patients oligospermia, 36% of patients teratospermia. The second sample show 4% of patients teratospermia by comparing the two samples there is a significant increase in sperm concentration with mean concentration in the first sample 96.49 m/ml, mean concentration in the second sample 104.67 m/ml, a significant increase in motility (A+B) with mean percentage of 44% in the first sample and 46% in the second sample, a highly significant increase in the normal forms of sperms with mean percentage of 23.4% in the first sample and 30.55% in the second sample.

Conclusions: Covid-19 affect spermatogenesis in the form of reversible teratospermia, reversable decrease sperm count but within normal level, reversable decrease in the sperm motility but also within normal level.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and its clinical manifestation as Coronavirus Disease 2019 that is COVID-19 present an unmatched worldwide public health problem. The disease presents an exclusive pathophysiology and clinical sequence currently existing therapeutic approaches. COVID-19 patients progressing or presenting into frank Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) with typical decreased pulmonary compliance, represents another clinical enigma to many clinicians, since routine therapeutic interventions for ARDS are still a subject of debate.