Journal of Oncology Translational Research

Cancer gene therapy is a promising approach that utilizes genetic material to treat and potentially cure various types of cancer. This therapeutic strategy involves the delivery of therapeutic genes into cancer cells to modulate their biological behavior and induce tumor regression. Gene therapy can target specific genetic alterations or dysregulated signalling pathways associated with cancer progression, thereby providing personalized and precise treatment options. In this abstract, we explore the principles, advancements, challenges and future prospects of cancer gene therapy, highlighting its potential as a transformative treatment modality for cancer patients.

Carcinoma, a common type of cancer originating from epithelial cells, represents a significant health concern worldwide. This malignancy arises in various organs, such as the lungs, breasts, prostate, colon, and skin, among others. Carcinomas are characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells that infiltrate adjacent tissues and can disseminate through the bloodstream or lymphatic system, leading to metastasis. Understanding the etiology, risk factors, diagnostic modalities, treatment strategies, and ongoing research in carcinoma is crucial for improving patient outcomes. This abstract provides an overview of carcinoma, emphasizing its diverse types, associated risk factors, diagnostic approaches, therapeutic interventions, and emerging areas of research aimed at advancing our understanding and management of this formidable disease.

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in the epithelial cells, which are the cells that line the tissues and organs of the body. It is one of the most common types of cancer and can occur in various organs, including the lungs, breast, colon, prostate, and skin. Carcinomas are characterized by the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal cells, which can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The development of carcinoma is influenced by various factors, including genetic mutations, exposure to carcinogens, hormonal imbalances, and chronic inflammation. The specific causes and risk factors can vary depending on the type of carcinoma.

Staging of breast cancer is important in the reading of cancer progression and level of treatment required. Certain underlying factors may be determinant and consequent to prognostic values at various stages. These underlying factors are considered to include circulating immune complexes which has the capability to mediate molecular expression and could give insight into possible progressive remission developments at various stages of Breast cancer.

Methods: We recruited 50 female participants including 10 with benign tumour, 15 apparently healthy participants and 25 with malignant tumour and at stages: 2 (No.6); 3b (No.8); 3c (No.7) and 4 (No.4). Prospective observational analytical study was conducted to identify changes in certain inflammatory molecules, DNA oxidation and sex hormonal molecules in different stages, with respect to increased or normal level of circulating immune complexes. Serum samples were assayed for circulating immune complexes using Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) immuno-precipitation and quantification. Isolated cell free DNA (cfDNA) (FitAmp blood kit (Epigentek, USA) was assayed for nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), while serum samples were assayed for Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), immunoglobulin G (IgG), 8-Hydroxy-2-Deoxy Guanosine (8-OH2DG), estrogen and progesterone, using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Mean differences in expression of the molecules in health, tumour and malignancy, were recorded as point reference to determine the effect of immune complexes at various stages.

Result: The result recorded only stages 2, 3b 3c and 4. Serum levels of CIC were significantly increased in all the stages and benign tumour (P=0.000), under this influence, expression of NFkB, (P=0.006), TNF-α, (P=0.000), 8-OH2DG (P=0.010) were significantly increased, while expression of progesterone was significantly reduced (P=0.014). Specifically, significant increases in expression of the molecules are indicated as follows: CICs: benign tumour- p=0.017, stage 3b- P=0.012 and 3c-P=0.000; NFkB: 3c-P=0.030; TNF-α: benign tumour-P=0.040, stage 3b- P=0.000, 3c-P=0.000 and 4-P=0.019; 8OH2DG: stage 3b-0.045 only. However significant decrease in progesterone was found only in stage 3b compared to levels found in healthy subjects (P=0.048). The degree to which the expression of one molecule, influence another molecule was determined.

Conclusion: Serum levels of CICs increase in all stages of breast cancer and benign tumor. Presence of CIC could be a leading circumstance mediating inflammatory molecular expression at various stages of cancer. It was observed that, the degree of expression of one molecule could positively predict the expression of another, suffice it to say that there could be collaborating influence of CIC on DNA oxidative damage and inflammatory molecules at stages of breast cancer.