Neurological Disorders

Introduction: COVID-19 has been a gravitating topic in the past months, yet so much information about this new virus is to be unraveled. The uncertainties about the virus and its effects have affected a lot of daily life activities. One of these affected activities is emergency department visits and how this disease might have changed people perspective on when to go to the emergency. This study aims to assess the effect of COVID-19 pandemic on emergency department visits for neurological conditions.

Methods: A retrospective record review study was conducted at King Abdul-Aziz University Hospital (KAUH), during the month of July 2020. The study included visits of patients with common neurological conditions (Headache, Seizures and weakness), during Dec 2019 – May 2020 at KAUH, Information obtained from the medical records included demographic data, date of visit, reason of visit, history of a similar episode, number of ED visits during the past year, priority given at the ED, length of hospitalization, diagnosis of COVID-19 at KAUH, known chronic diseases and whether brain imaging was performed and which kind of imaging. A Descriptive analysis was conducted to assess the impact of the pandemic on ED visits; statistical analysis (chi-square test) was performed on ED visit data to assess for significance.

Results: There was a 24% reduction in the number of visits for common neurological symptoms (during the pandemic) time period in comparison to (pre-pandemic). However, some other variables have also shown an increase (during the pandemic) time period. Most notably Brain CT scans, which underwent a 11.3% increase during the pandemic time period (p=0.005). Some variables have shown no significance change e for example relationship between the time period and the reason of visit (p=0.305).

Conclusion: Multiple factors most likely contributed to the decrease in emergency department visits recorded in this study. One of the main reasons is the fear of catching COVID-19 infection by just vising the hospitals. Considering these findings, it is predominate to raise awareness when patients do need to go to the emergency department due an acute neurological condition regardless of any pandemic.

The present paper explores the effects of the psychopharmacological agent - fluoxetine - on mnestic processes, using a model of passive avoidance on male Wistar rats with different nervous system phenotypes and different activity ratios of the monoaminergic systems of the brains. In the re-test session under administration of fluoxetine, the seizure-tolerant rats compared to the seizure-sensitive rats were characterized by a more pronounced fear response to the "unsafe" compartment and enhanced anxiety facilitating the retention of memory trace. The individual sensitivity of the animals to the action of fluoxetine and the direction of its effects on mnestic processes are supposed to be determined by different primary activity ratios of the monoaminergic systems of the brain.

The present paper explores the effects of the psychopharmacological agent - fluoxetine - on mnestic processes, using a model of passive avoidance on male Wistar rats with different nervous system phenotypes and different activity ratios of the monoaminergic systems of the brains. In the re-test session under administration of fluoxetine, the seizure-tolerant rats compared to the seizure-sensitive rats were characterized by a more pronounced fear response to the "unsafe" compartment and enhanced anxiety facilitating the retention of memory trace. The individual sensitivity of the animals to the action of fluoxetine and the direction of its effects on mnestic processes are supposed to be determined by different primary activity ratios of the monoaminergic systems of the brain.

Synaptic plasticity is a biological system of specific pattern of synaptic activity result in changes in synaptic strength. This influence puberty, pregnancy hormones, sensory experiences, and brain disorders. Long-term synaptic plasticity is accompanied by protein synthesis and trafficking, leading to structural changes of the synapse. Increasing evidence connects the terminal synaptic changes with potential propagation in adolescent and pregnancy. We investigate on the synaptic structural plasticity, which has mainly been studied with in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy. We also discuss how a different type of synapses, the multi-contact synapses associated with pregnancy.