Journal of Microbial Pathogenesis

Soft rot Enterobacteriaceae, including Pectobacterium and
Dickeya, affect a number of plants including vegetables and
fruits, causing high economic loses for producers. There is
currently no treatment for soft rot Enterobacteriaceae in field
conditions, and control is largely based on the use of sanitary
growing practices.

New formulations are needed to improve the efficacy of influenza vaccines. Lack of efficient delivery systems for transporting antigenic molecules to the cytosol of antigen presenting cells presents a major obstacle for antigen uptake by immune cells. To this end, influenza Whole Inactivated Virus (WIV) vaccines were formulated with chitosan nanoparticles and CpG oligonucleotide as a biodegradable delivery system and a Th1-specific adjuvant, respectively. Inactivated Influenza virus vaccine with CpG and Chitosan was injected intradermally to female Balb/C mice. Injections were single dose in high and a reduced valium. 30 days after injection, cell proliferation assay (MTT), IFN-gamma and IL-4 Elispot assays were carried out. Sera samples were collected 21 days after immunization to measure IgG1 and IgG2a levels. In addition, the mice challenged with mouse adopted virus, were monitored for weight loss. The results of analyzing the stimulation of cellular and humoral immune systems and weighting the mice show a significant stimulation of both humoral and cellular immunities; also, weight gain and a decrease in mortality in the mice receiving both dosages of inactivated influenza virus vaccines with CpG and Chitosan coating were observed.  This finding demonstrated that CpGchitosan low-dose vaccine was less costly than high-dose and helps in production of more vaccine despite the limited production required virus. Based on our results, it can be concluded that formulation of inactivated Influenza virus with CpG and its delivery by Chitosan as low-dose in return of high-dose with the same results as balanced between cellular and humeral immune responses can make enormous saving in manufacturing vaccine.

Based on our results, it can be concluded that formulation of inactivated Influenza virus with CpG and its delivery by Chitosan as low-dose in return of high-dose with the same results as balanced between cellular and humeral immune responses can make enormous saving in manufacturing vaccine. Five different fungi were isolated from ceramics industry muds (CM) and ceramics industry wastes (CW) on inoculated agar plates containing 0.5 mM of lead [Pb(NO3)2], copper [CuSO4.5H2O] and silver [AgNO3]. Different concentrations (10 mg/l, 5 mg/l, 2.5 mg /l, 2 mg/l, 1.5 mg/l, 1 mg/l, 0.5 mg/l and 0.0125 mg/l) of lead resistance was investigated. Point planting were made with nutrient agar. After one-week incubation at 27°C, the zone diameter of the fungal colony was measured and compared with the control group and percent inhibition was calculated. All fungal isolates (CW1k, CW2k, CW3k, CM1k, CM2k) were found to be resistant to the three metals tested. Increased lead concentration was found to increase the inhibition of fungal growth. Despite this, all the lead concentrations tested in the isolate showed improvement.

Sharing security threat information is a challenge for governments and their agencies. Especially in biotechnology and microbiology, the agencies do not know how to classify or to disclose collected information on potential bio-threats. There is vague border between man-made and natural biological threats.

A drug’s affinity for binding blood serum proteins, such as albumin, determines a primary interaction affecting its biological activity. Only the free unbound fraction of a drug can induce a therapeutic effect. A range of effective antimicrobial agents, such as peptides containing N3-(4- methoxyfumaroyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid (FMDP), are known to be powerful inhibitors of fungal and bacterial growth in vitro; nevertheless, the use of these compounds in clinics has proven intractable due to their irreversible binding of blood serum proteins, causing complete loss of their biological activity.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 occurs in a minority of HIV-infected mother-infant pairs, even without any interventions. The mechanisms that protect the majority of HIV exposed infants from infection are unclear. T regulatory cells (Treg) have important immunomodulatory functions, but their role in the fetus as well as in mother-to-child transmission of HIV is understudied. Methods: We studied available cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-exposed infants from the breastfeeding, antiretrovirals and nutrition (BAN) study cohort in Malawi: 64 infants were HIV-uninfected and 28 infants were HIV-infected at birth.