Journal of Genetics and DNA Research

Cancer is one of the main causes of death in the world, and a major issue for human health. Prolonged exposure to a number of chemicals was observed to be one of the primary causes of cancer [1]. The monitoring of the surrounding environment for chemicals and compounds with possible genotoxic activity is of high priority [2]. Thus, the development of instruments for identifying risky chemicals and the understanding of their toxicity mecanism is a major objective for scientific research [3]. A number of assays exist for detection of genotoxicity in a variety of experimental systems, some of them with limited use due to complicated technical setup, the single cell gel electrophoresis assay also defines the Comet assay [3], discovered for the first time in 1984 by two Swedish researchers, Ostling and Johanson [4]. In 1988 Singh et al., introduced the concept of alkaline version [2,4]. It allows investigation of DNA damage in virtually all cell types without the necessity of cell cultures [2]. It is widely used to detect DNA damage [5] as an indicator of exposure to genotoxicogical agents [2,6,7]. The Comet assay is a used method in human, environmental, and ecogenotoxicological studies [2] and it is performed to detect genotoxicity effect of biocides, chemicals prodcuts, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and food additives in genotoxicity assaying The comet assay is widely used to assess DNA damage. Before lysis and leaving nucleoids, cell should embedding in agarose than fixed on microscope slide. After an alkaline electrophoresis, DNA loops containing breaks are relaxed and extend towards the anode, forming a comet-like image viewed by fluorescence microscopy with a suitable stain [9,10]. The different steps of Comet assay are Preparation of microscope slides: The aim of microscope slide preparation is to ensure the uniformity of the gel, assure the stability and the survival for the collection of data, minimise background noise as well as to ensure well visualized of comets [11]. Release of DNA from lysed cells Apply on the slides, a lysis solution that contain Triton X-100 and a high concentration of salt with 2.5 M NaCl [4,12]. Lysis allow the removing membranes, releases the soluble components of the cell, strips histones from DNA, and sheets of compact structures that are nucleoids wherein the DNA is attached at intervals to the nuclear matrix [13].

Alzheimer sickness PET imaging specialists dependent on lipophilicity change are [18F] RO6958948 [1] and [18F] Florbetapir, plan by supplanting with a Nitrogen component either in the fragrant ring of [18F] Flortaucipir or [18F] Florbetaben. The structure of [18F] FEONM (is intended to give higher lipophilicity than [18F] FDDNP. Structure alteration on a specific bioactive atom to expand its lipophilicity will be likewise potentially expanding the level of infiltrating blood cerebrum obstruction. Expanding the blood cerebrum obstruction crossing proportion, the particularity of this dynamic biomolecule focusing on impact may be diminished. Along these lines, we plan an ethyl oxide changed naphtha based Alzheimer infection positron outflow tomography imaging specialist [18F] FEONM, to think about the take-up impact of Tau tangle and Beta amyloid. PET radiopharmaceuticals for mind imaging depend on extremely short half-life radionuclides, the vast majority of them will be rotted in one day. One of the longest half-life natural radionuclides is fluorine-18, in this way basic advance to creating PET radiopharmaceuticals online is radio fluorination response. The most elevated radio fluorination response yield can be produced using carboxyl glass reactor. In carboxyl glass reactor, the capacity of whole territory (FG) bend of radio fluorination yield can be drawn nearer with Gauss dispersion, Gauss or Welch anodization work. After decide the radio fluorination rate consistent, the length of microfluidic plug stream reactor can be planned with an expository structure dependent on Welch anodization work. Mind hippocampus imaging relative explicit restricting proportion of [18F] FEONM on a Tau tangle P301S/PS19 transgenic mouse model is double cross higher than cerebellum, Beta amyloid Tg2576 transgenic mouse model is under two. On a triple transgenic 3xTg mouse model with both Tau tangle and Beta amyloid framed, the take-up proportion of hippocampus is 50% higher than cere In addition, other than transgenic mouse model, streptozotocin actuated Tau tangle mouse model likewise shows higher cerebrum hippocampus [18F] FEONM take-up than control mouse. From the transgenic mouse model imaging study, we discovered [18F] FEONM will take up on both Tau tangle and Beta amyloid transgenic mouse. In contrast with [18F] FDDNP, it shows no Beta amyloid transgenic mice take-up in mind hippocampus. This outcome speaks to part of the particular authoritative of Tau tangle transgenic mouse of [18F] FDDNP has move to Beta amyloid. In this manner, Tau tangle and Beta amyloid take-up status should be possible by [18F] FEONM in a similar time for conclusion Alzheimer illness. Radiation presentation will be half measurement contrasted with taking both imaging. These discoveries dependent on another plan presume that another PET radiopharmaceutical configuration has a similar idea like another radio fluorination microfluidic reactor plan. Either another synthetic structure or another numerical model contributes an accomplishment.

Since the early 1950s, the dominant paradigm in the human genetics of infectious diseases postulates that rare monogenic immunodeficiencies confer vulnerability to multiple infectious diseases (one gene, multiple infections), whereas common infections are associated with the polygenic inheritance of multiple susceptibility genes (one infection, multiple genes). Recent studies, since 1996 in particular, have challenged this view. A newly recognised group of primary immunodeficiencies predisposing the individual to a principal or single type of infection is emerging. In parallel, several common infections have been shown to reflect the inheritance of one major susceptibility gene, at least in some populations. This novel causal relationship (one gene, one infection) blurs the distinction between patient-based Mendelian genetics and population-based complex genetics, and provides a unified conceptual frame for exploring the molecular genetic basis of infectious diseases in humans.

For almost any given human-tropic virus, bacterium, fungus, or parasite, the clinical outcome of primary infection is enormously variable, ranging from asymptomatic to lethal infection. This variability has long been thought to be largely determined by the germline genetics of the human host, and this is increasingly being demonstrated to be the case. The number and diversity of known inborn errors of immunity is continually increasing, and we focus here on autosomal and X-linked recessive traits underlying complete deficiencies of the encoded protein. Schematically, four types of infectious phenotype have been observed in individuals with such deficiencies, each providing information about the redundancy of the corresponding human gene, in terms of host defense in natural conditions. The lack of a protein can confer vulnerability to a broad range of microbes in most, if not all patients, through the disruption of a key immunological component. In such cases, the gene concerned is of low redundancy.

However, the lack of a protein may also confer vulnerability to a narrow range of microbes, sometimes a single pathogen, and not necessarily in all patients. In such cases, the gene concerned is highly redundant. Conversely, the deficiency may be apparently neutral, conferring no detectable predisposition to infection in any individual. In such cases, the gene concerned is completely redundant. Finally, the lack of a protein may, paradoxically, be advantageous to the host, conferring resistance to one or more infections. In such cases, the gene is considered to display beneficial redundancy. These findings reflect the current state of evolution of humans and microbes, and should not be considered predictive of redundancy, or of a lack of redundancy, in the distant future. Nevertheless, these observations are of potential interest to present-day biologists testing immunological hypotheses experimentally and physicians managing patients with immunological or infectious conditions

Diseases evolve side by side with human evolution and play significant role in health. Along with the societal and technological development, mankind also faces great challenges in health sector. One of these challenges is the changes in disease manifestation, its cure and obviously its effect on living organisms especially humans, which has worsen as time progresses. Some of the diseases are easily treatable now while other still poses complications. Skin cancer is one of the most common and widespread cancers despite technological and medicinal advancements and demands persistent attention. It is categorized into different types according to its location of origination and usually these cancers do not spread to other body parts. Various environmental and genetic factors contribute in its occurrence, development and metastasis. People with blonde skin tone are at supreme risk to be affected by melanoma. Considering the importance of this disease, the current review concentrates on the various types of skin tumors, its manifestations, the causes behind disease development and treatment. Genetical mutations in somatic cells or at fetus level play major role in its establishment. Furthermore, environmental factors also affect the normal cellular pathways by bringing about the alterations at gene level. Prudent analysis of the genetics may lead to better understanding of the key genes involved in its establishment and thus, the pertinent knowledge can be utilized in designing painless and accurate diagnostic approaches and advanced targeted therapies.

Upon every expose to UV radiation, hazardous material and corrosive chemicals, there is a fair chance of structural and functional alterations in skin cells, which in turn leads to skin cancer. With the passage of time, these damages become more serious and worse. Repetitive exposures further increase the cancer risk. At any age, many sun protection products help in prevention of skin cancer and melanoma [1]. Skin cancer is named after the cell type in which the cancer expands. Basal and squamous cell carcinoma are non melanoma cancers, but melanoma is most serious type of skin cancer. Melanoma includes Merkel cell tumour and dermato-fibroses comaprotruberans. Like all cancers, early diagnosis of skin cancer results in better treatment. Area of the skin which is cancer affected looks different from the other body parts. Even a small blemish should be taken seriously, and it is significant to be checked out. Skin cancer usually looks as new blemish. Sometimes it appears as presented spot which get in different colour, shape or size . In white population, Melanoma skin cancer (MSC) and Non melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are the main types of skin cancer. Prevalence of skin cancer has attained epidemic magnitude. Recently conducted studies on population has showed that the basal cell carcinoma’s incidence rate in males is over 2% while that for squamous cell carcinoma is 1%, and rate of new cases of melanoma is about 50 per 100 000 of population [3].

Diseases evolve side by side with human evolution and play significant role in health. Along with the societal and technological development, mankind also faces great challenges in health sector. One of these challenges is the changes in disease manifestation, its cure and obviously its effect on living organisms especially humans, which has worsen as time progresses. Some of the diseases are easily treatable now while other still poses complications. Skin cancer is one of the most common and widespread cancers despite technological and medicinal advancements and demands persistent attention. It is categorized into different types according to its location of origination and usually these cancers do not spread to other body parts. Various environmental and genetic factors contribute in its occurrence, development and metastasis. People with blonde skin tone are at supreme risk to be affected by melanoma. Considering the importance of this disease, the current review concentrates on the various types of skin tumors, its manifestations, the causes behind disease development and treatment. Genetical mutations in somatic cells or at fetus level play major role in its establishment. Furthermore, environmental factors also affect the normal cellular pathways by bringing about the alterations at gene level. Prudent analysis of the genetics may lead to better understanding of the key genes involved in its establishment and thus, the pertinent knowledge can be utilized in designing painless and accurate diagnostic approaches and advanced targeted therapies.

Upon every expose to UV radiation, hazardous material and corrosive chemicals, there is a fair chance of structural and functional alterations in skin cells, which in turn leads to skin cancer. With the passage of time, these damages become more serious and worse. Repetitive exposures further increase the cancer risk. At any age, many sun protection products help in prevention of skin cancer and melanoma [1]. Skin cancer is named after the cell type in which the cancer expands. Basal and squamous cell carcinoma are nonmelanoma cancers, but melanoma is most serious type of skin cancer. Melanoma includes Merkel cell tumour and dermato-fibroses comaprotruberans. Like all cancers, early diagnosis of skin cancer results in better treatment. Area of the skin which is cancer affected looks different from the other body parts. Even a small blemish should be taken seriously, and it is significant to be checked out. Skin cancer usually looks as new blemish. Sometimes it appears as presented spot which get in different colour, shape or size [2]. In white population, Melanoma skin cancer (MSC) and Non melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) are the main types of skin cancer. Prevalence of skin cancer has attained epidemic magnitude. Recently conducted studies on population has showed that the basal cell carcinoma’s incidence rate in males is over 2% while that for squamous cell carcinoma is 1%, and rate of new cases of melanoma is about 50 per 100 000 of population