Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Starting from the first principle of thermodynamics which states that nothing is created, nothing is destroyed but everything is transformed, we can try to transform substances into other substances by exposing them to the flow of hydrogen ions and electrons with a reticular-atomic filter in a vacuum. Obviously the first law of thermodynamics concerns isolated systems. I therefore thought that from a great substance that incorporates at least two substances, one substance can be transformed into the other. For example, a tree consists of both cellulose in its trunk and chlorophyll which can be extracted from green leaves. I hypothesized techniques to transform the glucose reducing into cellulose in an alternative way. Another example could be soil and subsoil which contain both oil and organic matter in the soil, both of which are composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur in different percentages. I hypothesized techniques to transform the organic substance in the soil into bitumen in an alternative way. Finally, I hypothesized alternative techniques for transforming benzene into cyclohexane.

Despite multiple schemes implemented by various governments around the country, affordable housing remains elusive to the average Nigerian. Because the situation is comparable to that of other developing nations, it remains a key concern in these countries socioeconomic development. Over 52% of Nigeria's population has been claimed to live in shanties, squatter communities and informal settlements. This article, therefore, reviews the challenges to the provision of affordable sustainable housing in Nigeria and the Sustainable approaches to address them. The article's findings were based on a thorough examination of the literature. The article's findings indicated that sustainable approaches for addressing Nigeria's housing barriers may best be examined through the economic, ecological, social, institutional and technical factors of affordable housing. The paper urges the present regime, investors, lawmakers and private developers in Nigeria to implement these approaches for affordable housing provision. The findings from this article will add to the current body of knowledge by providing important information on affordable sustainable housing provision and re-directing research interest towards affordable housing in Nigeria and other developing countries.