Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering

When developing an appropriate agricultural water conservation project, numerous plant-soil system indicators should be considered. The entropy evaluation method has great potential for improving agricultural management strategies. The tomato was used as the plant material to investigate the effect of different buried depths of subsurface drainage pipes (30, 45, 60, 75, 90, and 105 cm) on greenhouse plant-soil systems. The tomato's marketable yield, fruit sugar to acid ratio, soil electrical conductivity, nitrogen loss rate, and crop water and fertilizer use efficiency were all observed. The entropy evaluation method was used to choose the best buried depth for subsurface drainage pipes based on these indicators. Tomato yield and soil electrical conductivity had comprehensive weights of 0.43 and 0.34, respectively, in both the objective and subjective weights calculations, indicating that they were more important than other indices.

The majority of vegetables grown in greenhouses in Europe are grown in soil. Where soilless frameworks are utilized, aside from in The Netherlands, Belgium and France, they are generally free-depleting frameworks, in which supplement arrangements are not recycled. Large losses in nitrate (NO³) leaching are common in free-draining soilless systems as well as soil-grown ones. Water system is a significant contributing element to NO³− draining misfortune. To lessen the significant nitrogen loss to surface and subterranean water bodies, irrigation management of greenhouse vegetable crops must be improved. In order to maximize irrigation management of both soil-grown and soilless vegetable crops grown in greenhouses, this article examines the most recent methods and tools currently in use or in development. The FAO56 method for calculating crop water requirements is reviewed in light of its adaptations to cropping cycles and greenhouse conditions. The Penman–Monteith FAO56 equation as well as simpler equations for calculating reference crop evapotranspiration (ETO) and crop coefficient (Kc) values under greenhouse conditions, where cropping cycles may differ significantly from those of outdoor crops, are the subjects of this study. The different classes of soil/ substrate dampness sensors that have been utilized in nursery crops are explored, with respect to their overall reasonableness and down to earth use. The effects of salinity and the use of some sensors to measure the salinity of the growing media are also taken into consideration, as are their applications in substrate and soil.