A sudden drop in pressure causes vapour and gas bubbles to form within a liquid medium (alsocalled cavitation). This causes a slew of (important) engineering issues, including material loss, noise, and vibration of hydraulic machinery. Cavitation, on the other hand, is a potentially useful phenomenon: extreme conditions are increasingly being used for a wide range of applications, including surface cleaning, enhanced chemistry, and wastewater treatment (bacteria eradication and virus inactivation). Despite these significant advances, there is still a significant gap between our understanding of the mechanisms that contribute to the effects of cavitation and its application.
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