ABO blood group incompatibility occurs in 15-20% of all pregnancies and 10% of those develop hemolytic disease. Transcutaneous bilirubin screening use is increasing but still not widespread To compare neonatal outcomes of DCT positive and DCT negative infants born to blood group O positive mothers To evaluate the effect of neonatal blood group on the severity of hemolysis and neonatal jaundice due to aternal-fetal ABO incompatibility. To investigate the value of transcutaneous bilirubin measurement and first serum bilirubin in predicting the development of significant hyperbilirubinemia later in the first few days in infants with ABO incompatibility 

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) refers to an abnormal elevation of blood pressure in the pulmonary vascular circulation, and has multiple etiologies. The condition is potentially life threatening and can have varied presentations. We present our experience with 3 infants who were admitted in our tertiary level PICU over a span of 3 months. All 3 were exclusively breast-fed young infants with normal birth and family histories, and presented to us in respiratory and circulatory failure with severe metabolic acidosis. An observation made retrospectively after the management of the first case led to the prompt diagnosis of the succeeding 2 cases. In view of severe metabolic acidosis in the first infant, as part of workup and management of inborn errors of metabolism 

Using quasi-experimental before and after design, this study was done over 6 weeks.  Using consecutive sampling technique, children who met the inclusion criteria were included.  CMC PAC score was marked for the children being admitted to the selected areas (nurses were blinded to the score in the control group).  The patients in the control group received standard care, whereas patients in the experimental group received care based on CMC PACS.  Clinical Outcome Indicator was used to assess the clinical outcomes at 48 hours of hospitalization.  Quality of Nursing Care Observation Checklist was used to assess the quality of nursing care every 12th hourly.  One week between control and experimental groups was used to educate nurses and doctors regarding the CMC PACS based protocol. Satisfaction Questionnaire was used to determine their satisfaction. RESULTS: Majority of the population were male, well-nourished infants and had medical diagnosis. Majority of children in both groups had low risk of deterioration (CMC PACS < 4) at admission (80.6%) and also at 48 hours of hospitalization (90.3%).  No significant difference occurred in the clinical outcomes (‘p’ value = 0.435).  Significant improvement was seen in the quality of nursing care (QNC) across both groups (p<0.001).   

Pediatric severe sepsis and septic shock remain a highly prevalent public health problem in critically ill children and are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. But limited data exists on the international burden of severe sepsis and septic shock in critically ill children in our country as well, so this study will help to see the gap. The objective of the study was to assess clinical outcome and determinants of mortality of severe sepsis and septic shock in Pediatric intensive care unit at Ayder   comrehensive Specialized Hospital. Hospital based cross-sectional retrospective study was conducted among children 1 month to 18yrs who were admitted to Pediatric intensive care unit, Ayder Comprehensive Specialized Hospital with the assessment of severe sepsis and septic shock from September 1, 2012 - August 30, 2017 Hemodynamic and laboratory parameters which discriminate survivors from non-survivors were evaluated. 

 This study assessed the prevalence of early neonatal death in Nigeria and examined the relationship between maternal socio-economic characteristics and early neonatal death. It also ascertained the relationship between maternal socio-demographic characteristics and early neonatal death and determined the relationship between utilization of maternal health care services and early neonatal death. These were with a view to providing information on maternal socio-demographic factors associated with early neonatal deaths in Nigeria.  This study used secondary data of the 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). A total of 38,948 women contained in 2013 datasets and analysis was restricted to kids recodes dataset with weighted sample size of 31,828 children giving birth to by 20,467 women, whose births occurred in the five years preceding the survey. The data were analyzed using frequency, chi-square and Cox proportional hazards regression statistics. 

It is time to think outside the box when it comes to understanding the etiology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)! This presentation unifies the concepts of diet, nutrients, and neurotransmission in relation to the core symptoms of ADHD - inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The information presented here stands to transform mental healthcare options for children with ADHD by offering a conceptual understanding of nutrient mechanisms and an evidence-based integrative health treatment. Stimulant medications are the first line of treatment for ADHD. Due to neurobiological heterogeneity of the disorder, however, some patients do not respond well to stimulant treatment, or develop undesirable side effects (e.g. sleep disturbance, appetite suppression, growth retardation) [5]. Many families seek complementary and integrative health treatment options for their children with ADHD, however few have been rigorously tested for efficacy and safety. 

Malaria is an acute and chronic vector born protozoa disease with high mortality and morbidity.  It is uncommon to see malaria by this age for some physiologic protective reasons. We mention a case 19 days old female neonate presenting with high grade fever, decreased suckling and activity. Neonatal malaria might be presenting as similar features of neonatal sepsis .It is recommended to take blood smear as part of initial work up in patients’ with high grade fever not responding to our initial management in areas of high malaria burden

 Early infant diagnosis is the main stay to prevent the immunosuppression of human immune virus and to enable those children infected to be initiated on antiretroviral drugs early. Therefore, rejection of samples for this test may lead to increased immune suppression in the children, resulting in high mortality. To assess factors leading to high rejection of dry blood spot and viral load samples in Northern Province of Zambia. Determine the rate of rejection of Dry Blood Spot and plasma for viral load.  State the factors leading to the high rejection of samples. This was a cross sectional retrospective study on 664 DBS and 1665 viral load requisition forms and samples submitted to Kasama PCR lab between January and March 2018. DBS 29/664 (4.36%) rejected. HIV VL 92/1665(5.5%) rejected. The rejections were due to the following factors: missing clients name, contact and ART number, improvised requisition forms, very small blood spots, clotted dry spots and no facility name. 

 Testicular torsion refers to the torsion of the spermatic cord structures and subsequent loss of the blood supply to the ipsilateral testicle.  This is a urological emergency; early diagnosis and treatment are vital to saving the testicle and preserving future fertility. Treatment: Immediate surgical exploration is indicated for patients with testicular torsion.  For reliable salvage of the testicle, surgical repair must occur within six hours of symptom onset. If treatment is delayed, the patient may experience decreased fertility or may require orchiectomy. Some major research work is going about this in India. 

Despite the advances in perinatal and neonatal care and use of newer potent antibiotics, the incidence of neonatal sepsis remains high and the outcome is still severe. Hospital Based prospective observational study.50 neonates (preterm &term) with clinically suspected sepsis were studied during 1 year from Jan 2016 to Dec 2016 in Chaitanaya Hospital Chandigarh. Conventional sepsis workup was done in all cases and the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis was proved based on the results of blood culture. The serum Procalcitonin was measured by quantitative Enzyme linked imunofluroscence assay and the results were compared to CRP levels between the neonates with or without proven sepsis. Of the total 220 babies admitted in NICU during that period 50 were eligible for study and analyzed. 24 % babies had Definite Sepsis, 60% had Probable Sepsis and 16% babies had  No Sepsis. Of the neonates with suspected sepsis 24 % had culture positive and 76% were culture negative. Mean PCT level was 13.27+- 33.2 ng/ml. 

Down syndrome is a condition of the chromosomes that is caused when an error occurs during cell division creating an extra chromosome 21 (Gardiner et al., 2010). People with Down syndrome especially pediatric patients may develop several health conditions that may require to be diagnosed through imaging (Bull, 2011).  Purpose this research was used to identify environmentally friendly methods for pediatric patients with Down syndrome. These methods are aimed at reducing the radiation dose for a patient during a radiological procedure. Additionally, the methods should be able to provide the best quality images to improve diagnosis and hasten recovery. 

Excessive fascination with antibiotics as a universal remedy gradually and imperceptibly narrowed the perception of the nature of many diseases.Тo date, the main treatment of acute pneumonia (AP) is similar to the treatment of diseases with fundamental differences in their localization, mechanism of development and clinical manifestations, and the result of medical recommendations is an elementary empirical distribution of antibiotics between different categories of patients. Such a primitive approach to treatment inevitably led to the transformation of views on the nature of AP, which in recent years is increasingly interpreted not as an inflammatory, but as an infectious process.

Surgical site infections are the 2nd most common type of nosocomial infections. Peri-operative antibiotic prophylaxis is widely used to reduce the occurrence of SSI according to the guidelines encompassing the need of antibiotics, the correct drug choice, the timing of dosage before incision, the dose and the duration of antibiotics and need for repeat dosing of antibiotics in prolonged surgeries.  To know about the pattern of use of pre-operative antibiotics for prophylaxis in a tertiary care hospital in the paediatric population with respect to the need and choice of antibiotics, time and duration and dosage of administration and need of  repeat dosing. Age group 1 month to 18 years posted for elective surgery.Exclusion criteria: Dirty infected wound. Stastically significant sample size of 100 elective pediatric surgeries were observed without the knowledge of the surgeon, anaesthesist or the operation theatre staff. The necessary details were recorded on a predesigned proforma. 

Preterm infants are exposed to a stressful environment which negatively effects the early brain development and subsequent neurobehavioral outcomes. Many studies have cited benefits of Developmentally Supportive Care (DSC) in NICU and Early Intervention. This longitudinal interventional study aimed to examine benefits of early detection of neurobehavioural issues, Infant Centered DSC and Early Intervention on neurodevelopmental outcomes of healthy preterm Indian infants. 

We've  been  hearing  for  centuries  that  'fever  is  not  a  disease,  but  a symptom.'  Physicians  say  that  fever  is  a  symptom  of  diseases  such  as flu  and cancer.  The  definition,  diagnosis  and  treatment  of conservative  fever  is  based  on  fever  as  a  symptom.  All  studies  related to  fever  as  a  symptom  of  a  disease  have  been  conducted  without knowing  the  purpose  of  fever  temperature.  Without  knowing  the purpose  o f  fever  temperature,  how  can  fever  be  included  in  the definition  of  symptoms?  Can  temperatures  between  38o  and  41o centigrade  be  a  symptom  of  a  disease? Different  causes  of  illness never  show  the  same  symptoms.  Different  causes  of  diseases  like viruses,  ba cteria,  fungi,  poison,  horror  scene,  horror  dreams,  rarely present  the  same  symptoms

o  observe  the  number  of  cases  that proceed  to full  prosecution  after  SGBV  in  relation  to victims  custody  against  the  number  that  fail proper  court  processes  or  fail  due  to  witness interference  because  of  lack  of  proper protection  in  Migori  county,Westernkenya between    Jan  2016 to Jan    2017 The  Organization  compares  the outcome of  the court  cases  when  the survivors  are  held  in  well protected  area  as  they  give  evidence  in  court against  when  they  are  left  home.  5  Case  stud ies are  used  in  this  observation.  One,  a  13  years  old child  that  was  rescued  in  early  marriage,  the other  four  are  cases  of  defilement  from different  regions.  One  is  a  12  years  old  girl  from Kuria  who  was defiled  by  a  65  years old uncle.

Our study aims to state the evidence-based effect of the implementation of newborn infant nutrition with prebiotics&probiotics has been demonstrated in changing microflora composition toward the desired breast-feeding pattern&stimulating immune responseSeveral studies performed in the past decades have clearly demonstrated the complexity of gut microbiota composition and the modulatory effect played by several endogenous and exogenous factors on it. Type of feeding in the first months of life appears as one of the most important determinants of the child and adult well-being,and its protective action seems to rely mainly on its ability to modulate intestinal microflora composition at early stages of life

Breastfeeding provides optimal nutrition and health     protection for the infant; it contains many anti-inflammatory factors, including transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-b1). Our study aimed to measure the level of TGF-b1 in human milk and to find its correlation with some infant anthropometric characteristics. Subjects and Methods: A milk sample was collected from 84 mothers and the level of TGF-b1 was measured using enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay. Results: TGF-b1 was significantly higher in vegetarian mothers compared with non-vegetarian mothers