Journal of Metabolic Syndrome

Infection resistance is enhanced by acute stress. Chronic stress alters this mechanism, reducing the body's capacity for a robust immune response and leading to an increase in morbidity. While chronic stress impairs this mechanism, acute stress likely induces an increase in chemotaxis and adhesion molecules expression through a sympatho–adrenergically mediated mechanism, thereby promoting immune cell migration to infection and/or inflammation sites. Extended distressing circumstances decline NK cytotoxic limit. The increase in cytokine production by macrophages is mediated by a substance called P in stressful conditions. Through a beta2–adrenergically mediated process, acute stress increases T cell mobilization, whereas chronic stress reduces it. The immune system's ability to produce antibodies in response to a vaccine is impaired by psychological stress, making the organism more susceptible to infections.

As an alternative to conventional cigarettes, heated tobacco products (HTP) are a method of nicotine delivery. For both users and bystanders, HTP tobacco products are offered as a less harmful alternative to conventional cigarettes. There is still a lack of complete knowledge regarding the actual impact of HTP on user health as well as its overall impact on public health. Relevant studies that were published in English between February 2021 and 2015 were identified through a systematic literature search. We used the following databases: Elsevier, PubMed, Scopusand ClinicalKey. We looked at 25 independent studies that were funded by the tobacco industry. Smokers and users of heated tobacco products differed in terms of exposure biomarkers as well as cardiovascular and respiratory biomarkers. Enhancements in clinically important gamble markers, particularly cholesterol, sICAM-1, 8-epi-PGF2α, 11-DTX-B2, HDL and FEV1, were noticed contrasted with relentless cigarette smokers. However, it has been observed that exposure to IQOS alters mitochondrial function, which may exacerbate airway inflammation, remodelingand lung cancer. By increasing microbial adherence to the respiratory tract, these products have the potential to increase oxidative stress and respiratory tract Infections. Compared to traditional smoking, our review suggests that HTP products may reduce the risk of chronic diseases like cancer, respiratory and cardiovascular diseasesand others, but they may still increase the likelihood of their occurrence in nonsmokers. The frequency of HTP use and any potential adverse health effects seem to necessitate research.