Arts and Social Sciences Journal

This study was carried in Mvumi wards in Dodoma region, Tanzania. The study area was selected to represent semi-arid biome as it experiences annual excessive drought. The majority rural dwellers in Tanzania live in extreme shortage of water. The general objective of this study was to assess the impacts of water shortage to social life especially to women. Questionnaire, PRA’s and documentary review were used for data collection. A sample size of 120 respondents was used for the study to cover two villages namely; Ilolo and Iringa. The finding shows that the majority (about 70%) of rural communities are severely suffering from water shortage crisis. They spend more time to fetch water instead of engaging in other economic activities. And, women are more vulnerable and stressed to this problem. There is a need to supply water services to the rural communities in order to solve this problem.

This paper inspects the determinants of recreational practices amongst respondents using outside of their homes. The term Recreation is derived from a Latin word “re-career” means the way of recharging or regenerating of self while Health is the quality of life to live long and serve best throughout the life suture. The study explains the sports ideology especially in respect of wholesome health. The information collected will provide guidance to the development of policy in the areas of health, sport, education, transport and the environment all of which have important roles to play in getting Pakistanis’ people and children more active more often. The study aimed at that freely possessed natural spaces are an ideal to human sustenance and that Parks and outdoor recreation spots are exhale of the community and summit is product. A reliable likert scale of 10 items with 5 choices has been used for responses on benefits of outdoor pursuits, on health perspective was constructed.

The main objective of the study was to see the effect of migration on household income in rural areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa-Pakistan especially in district Peshawar. A total of 93 sampled respondents were purposively interviewed. The study indicates that about 71% of the total respondents migrated with their families during the period (2001-2010). The study revealed that war against terror, quality education, and employment were observed as major causes of rural-urban migration. Paired t-test was used to see before and after effect of migration on household income and expenditure. Moreover, after migration the monthly income and expenditure of the respondents increased. The earning members of 69.9% of the respondents increased after migration. The joint families were scattered in to nuclear family. Before migration farming were the main occupation of about 42% of the respondents while after migration most of them were engaged with private jobs and some have their own business. The education ratio of 83.9% of the respondents increased with migration. Positive changes have been observed in pre and post facilities under consideration. It is recommended that basic facilities like education, health and creation of off-farm jobs, improved training opportunities and development programs should be provided to rural peoples.

Islamization of Human Knowledge (IOHK) is an intellectual phenomenon which deals with the issues of knowledge. Initially a number of goals and objectives were set up, including the development of methodology to implement the program of IOHK. This paper attempts to analyse the development of the methodology of IOHK and existing issues highlighted by the pioneers of this project. The study found that experts have developed and presented various methods which need to apply in practical form to achieve main goals of IOHK. A comparative appraisal of various viewpoints will assist to perceive more effective and comprehensive methods in order to advance the project of IOHK.

In the recent past, discussing about sex among children and youths was frowned at by traditional norms and as such sexual discuss and behavior were approached with great respect. Things are actually falling apart with the increasing number of young people that engage in premarital sex. Due to lack of experience and sex education, many young people are becoming increasingly exposed to the risk of HIV infection. In the light of the above, this study discussed premarital sex, HIV and use of condom among youths in Nigeria. Data for this study came from 2013 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey and other secondary data. The survey revealed that only 18.5% of young women that had sex in the 12 months preceding the survey used condom. Out of 3306 never-married sexually active men and women, 1728 representing 52% live in urban areas and 43% of them did not use condom during sexual intercourse in the 12 months preceding the survey. The study concludes by recommending that to achieve reduction of HIV/AIDS prevalence among Nigerian youths, effort must be directed towards educating youths on the importance of condom use sexual intercourse.

The main purpose of this study was to formulate a perceived model from stakeholder’s perspective of an ideal board of director in Pakistan. For this study we have reviewed critically the developed and developing nation’s family controlled companies. A perceived model for Pakistani companies was proposed after studying the pros and cons of the existing model. A suggestion has been made for SECP that a good quality of board, a good quality of individual director and a good board performance can be achieved according to this perceived model of stakeholders. Nonexecutive directors (NEDs) and independent executive directors (INEDs) will be encompassing in entire perceived board. The aim of this perceived model would be overcome the main source of poor board in Pakistan i.e., to fill the board in the sense of ensuring the balance of representation, talent, size, power and social responsibility. This survey is about stakeholder’s perspective an ideal board of directors in Pakistan. This survey underlines the stakeholder’s perspectives; respondents were provided a list of 37 indicators of board of directors and asked to rank the indicators according to their order of preference. No.1 meant to be the most preferred indicator that was talent on the board, No.2 representation of all stakeholders, No.3 NED/INEDs structure on board, No.4 balance size of the board, No.5 power on the board and No.6 CSR meant to be the least preferred indicator. The researcher identify knowledge gap when it comes to examine in Pakistan.

This paper through collaborative research with a community-based organization explores the trends and characteristics of elderly abuse (physical, psychological and financial) in the South Asian community of the Greater Toronto Area (GTA). The data is based on a survey containing both open and close-ended questions where fiftyseven South Asian men and women over the age of 65 participated. While the findings are not generalizable due to the small sample, nevertheless a number of interesting trends emerged regarding how and what variables influence the presence or absence of abuse among elderly immigrant South Asians.

Insurgency is an armed resistance against a constituted authority. The world which was worried about global warming and other problems of humanity has been drag into wars after 9/11. FATA is one of the areas which gain importance of national and international media and world think tanks has suggested many solutions for peace restoration but unfortunately all went out in drains. The inhabitants are still dreaming of getting the old culturally rich, hospitable and peaceful FATA but realistically it is still a dream. The current layer of war, terrorism and extremism has destroyed the historically peaceful FATA. This paper examines the association of insurgency with the peace in the area. The major findings reveal that it is one of the most affected areas and peace is not prevailing due to easy access to firearms, weak judicial system, drone attacks, wrong foreign policy, foreign interference, unstable Afghanistan and wrong participation’s decision of state in the war on terror.