Journal of Cytology & Histology

Back ground: In this most recent, update global arena for consumers products most of the daily applications of bigger silver nano particles (20 to 100 nano meter range) are effected as anti-viral and anti-parasitic agents in clinical medicine and diagnosis which is a positive feedback. However, the major negative feedback of bigger size silver nano particles on human, animal and primate vertebrate body is multisystem teratogenicity focuses.
Material and methods: This study was designed to investigate teratogenic effects of bigger size nano silver which is poly vinyl pyrollidone coated and sodium borohydride stabilized. For this we injected its colloidal solution form in to pregnant female Swiss albino mice of different breeding colonies (10 from each group) in repeated oral gavages manner with nanosilver-71-1900.8 nano meter range at a dose of 14, 19 mg/kg/b.w./day with sham control treated by anionic double distilled water for 7-18 gestational days (12 days). Then dead animals are then anaesthetized and operated by ventral laparotomy on day 19. Fetuses were collected for open eye and hand lens morphological verification to locate various teratogenic anomalies.
Result: We found multi system teratogenicity in treated group fetuses like Syndactyly, Oligodactyly, Polydactyl, meningo myelocele, closed type neural tube deformity, skeletal deformity like flat ribs, absence of bony segments or cleft, vertebral deformity like scoliosis, absence of long bones or its parts or mal developments or even mal fusion. We also found Central nervous system teratogenic effects like malformation of cerebrum, hippocampus and cerebellum. Histological teratogenic effects are observed in form of honey comb deformity and cell vacuolization in Central nervous system were significantly correlated with oxidative stress.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that bigger size silver nano particles induce an impairment of multi system and Central nervous system functions and teratogenic sequels by increasing oxidative stress and hampering nutrition in those body parts. The use of bigger silver nano particles for medical and diagnostic purposes henceforth requires careful consideration, particularly if it involves exposure of the human multi system and Central nervous system as it may evokes multi system teratogenicity in offspring’s where dose directly proportional to intensity.

Background and objectives: Breast cancer is the commonest cancer in Africa. Like other countries in that continent, Cameroon has very week pathology and health information services. This study was conducted to determine the histopathologic features of breast cancer all over Cameroon.
Methods: The study was retrospective and cross-sectional. Data were collected in the 10 regional hospitals and in national referral hospitals. We included complete files of patients diagnosed with breast cancer from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2015. Doubloons were avoided for patients seen both at regional and national hospitals. Files with conflicting pathology results were excluded.
Results: Of the 1666 files included, 180 (12.6%) with conflicting pathology results were excluded and1486 cases were analyzed. Mean age was 47.9 years (range 17-91 years).Ethnic groups from 3 regions out of 10 accounted for 78.1% of patients. 82.3% of cases were diagnosed in the two regions main towns of the country. Diagnosis was late, with 97.5% of patients already presenting symtpoms. Histopathological analysis was performed for 1371 (92.3%) of cases. Pathology specimens were mainly biopsies (79.4%). All male breast cancers (15 cases) and 87.7% of female cases were ductal carcinoma. Grade 2 of Scarff-Bloom-Richardson’s classification was the most frequent (51.1%) followed by Grade 3 (303%).
Discussion: Ethnicity seems to have an influence on breast cancer distribution in Cameroon. Pathological diagnosis is mainly done on biopsies and ductal carcinoma is the most frequent type of breast cancer in the country. Pathology services should be evenly distributed around the country.

Aristolochic acid (AA), one of the commonly used herbal medicines was reported to cause harmful effect on kidney. In this work, we aimed to study the effect of AA on renal tissue and to investigate the effect of its withdrawal. Methods: Forty five adult male mice were randomly assigned to three groups. Control group, Group 1 where mices were treated with aristolochic acid (AA) i.p. in a dose of 3 mg/kg every 3 days for 6 weeks. In group 2 the (remodeling group), AA was administered i.p. in a dose of 3 mg/kg every 3 days for 6 weeks, followed by 6 weeks remodeling (withdrawal) time. Urine and blood samples were collected; creatinine, BUN and P/C ratio were estimated. Renal specimens were processed for histological examination by H&E, Masson trichrome and immunohistochemical stain for PCNA. Results: in group 1 treated with AA, histological examination revealed that some tubules were atrophied collapsed while others were dilated. Tubular cells exhibited cytoplasmic vacuolation, flattening, necrosis and even shedding. The matrix between tubules was expanded. In the surrounding interstitial areas, mononuclear cell infiltration was observed. Tubulointerstitial cell proliferation was significantly increased as indicated by PCNA immunostaining. This correlates with worsening of renal parameters. However, in group 2, withdrawal of AA led to marked improvement of renal parameters, preservation of renal tissue and reduction of tubular damage and cellular infiltrate. Also, the number of PCNA-positive cells was significantly reduced. In conclusion, aristolochic acid is nephrotoxic and cessation of its administration leads to reduction of this toxicity as was evidenced by laboratory, histological and immunohistochemical methods.